“…Under dynamic loading conditions, the viscoelasticity of hydrogels can be significantly depending on strain rate. Remarkable efforts and progress have been made in recent years toward the development of advanced viscoelastic hydrogels, with certain results showing that the hydrogel viscoelasticity may greatly influence cell morphology, proliferation and differentiation ( Chaudhuri et al, 2015 , 2016 ; Bauer et al, 2017 ; Charrier et al, 2018 ; Gong et al, 2018 ; Lou et al, 2018 ; Huang D. et al, 2019 ; Cantini et al, 2020 ). In addition to viscoelasticity, some hydrogels (especially reconstituted fibrous hydrogels such as type I collagen) may undergo plastic deformation (a non-reversible permanent change in shape) when subjected to mechanical loadings ( Kim et al, 2017 ; Ban et al, 2018 ; Ming et al, 2020 ).…”