Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle

McHugh, Malachy P.; Magnusson, S. Peter; Gleim, Gilbert W.; Nicholas, James A.

doi:10.1249/00005768-199212000-00011

Cited by 135 publications

(108 citation statements)

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“…18,43 Previous studies used muscle stretching techniques to examine passive force production, 29 stress relaxation characteristics of muscle, 35 neuromuscular reflex patterns, 24 factors contributing to muscle damage, 28 and mechanisms of increase in musculotendinous flexibility. 50 Until recently, few studies examined the acute effects of stretching on performance measures.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Acute Bout of Static Stretching Does Not Affect Maximal Eccentric Isokinetic Peak Torque, the Joint Angle at Peak Torque, Mean Power, Electromyography, or Mechanomyography

Cramer¹,

Housh²,

Johnson³

et al. 2007

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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confidence: 99%

An Acute Bout of Static Stretching Does Not Affect Maximal Eccentric Isokinetic Peak Torque, the Joint Angle at Peak Torque, Mean Power, Electromyography, or Mechanomyography

Cramer¹,

Housh²,

Johnson³

et al. 2007

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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“…In contrast to short sinusoidal displacements, ramp stretches of the muscle present a testing condition that resembles the type of stretching techniques used in rehabilitation and in sports. There is a need to better understand the effects of stretching on the viscoelastic properties of muscle since these techniques are currently used in warm-up procedures and/or to promote flexibility (5, 7,8,[19][20][21][26][27][28][29]36). The efficacy and safety of the different stretching techniques currently used remain unclear.…”

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confidence: 99%

Viscoelastic Behavior of Plantar Flexor Muscle-Tendon Unit at Rest

Lamontagne

Malouin²,

Richards³

1997

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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A s most biological tissues, skeletal muscle and its tendon behave as viscoelastic materials in that they develop higher tension in response to increasing stretch velocity rates (1,6,32,33). This strain rate dependence in skeletal muscle is of nonreflex origin and likely related to a relaxation process defined as a decrease in muscle stiffness when it is stretched and maintained at a fixed length (l7,32). A low stretch velocity would allow more relaxation to take place, resulting in a lower resistance to passive movements than with a higher stretch velocity (32).Velocity-sensitivity or strain rate dependence of nonreflex components was first studied in animals. During passive sinusoidal displacements of the limb at frequencies ranging from 0.25 to 12.5 Hz, velocity-sensitive responses in the cat muscle were found only at frequencies over 5 Hz (24). Taylor et al (32) showed that passive elongation up to 10% of the muscle resting length of rabbit extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior muscles (in vivo) led to higher tension and energy absorp tion with increasing stretch velocities (0.1-10 cm/sec).While very few studies have established the strain rate dependence of skeletal muscles in humans, many assume the latter behavior and dissociate, using mathematical models, the resistance to passive movements into viscous and elastic stiffness (9,ll-13, 22,35). Lehmann et al (15) found an increased stiffness of the plantar flexor muscles with increasing sinusoidal stretch frequencies (3-12 Hz) of 5" amplitude in normal ( N = 13) and also in spastic ( N = 13) subjects with nerve blocks. Price et al (23), using similar passive movement parameters, also observed that the nonreflex stiffness of the plantar flexors was velocity-sensitive in normal groups of adults ( N = 10) and children ( N = l l ) . In contrast to the above studies, Hufschmidt and Mauritz (lo), in a study with normal ( N = 20) and spastic ( N = 21) subjects, did not observe any increase in

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“…Another study concludes that flexibility improvement by stretching may reduce the risk to injury 17 . Recent in vitro 23,24 and in vivo studies 25 have shown relaxation of transitory stress in response to passive stretching.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efeitos agudos e crônicos de um programa de alongamento estático e dinâmico no rendimento em jovens atletas do futebol

Gonçalves

Pavão

Döhnert

2013

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: Stretching is a therapeutic technique and may be used as a form of warm-up to increase flexibility or decrease pain throughout the movement, with objective to improve performance and reduce the risk of injury. Objective: To verify the acute and chronic effects of a program of static stretching compared with the dynamic one in performance of young soccer athletes. Methods: Randomized clinical study of equivalence carried out between August and November, 2010 with the under-17 category of the Grêmio Torrense club. After fulfilling the inclusion criteria, the athletes were randomly allocated into two groups: static stretching or dynamic stretching. All of them underwent an initial evaluation and were submitted to the first intervention. They were evaluated once again and at the end of 12 training sessions as well. Flexibility, impulse, speed, strength and muscle recruitment valences were evaluated. Results: The long jump has significantly improved in the two study groups; however, this improvement persisted in the chronic phase only in the static stretching group (p = 0.02). Flexibility increased significantly in both groups in the acute phase, but it only occurred in the static group following this improvement in the chronic phase (p = 0.03). The two examples of stretching led to decrease in performance in the velocity test. No improvement was observed in the hamstrings muscle strength throughout the study period in the two groups. Electric activity of hamstrings significantly decreased in the acute phase for the static stretching group (p = 0.035), while it significantly increased in the chronic phase in the dynamic stretching group (p = 0.038). Conclusion: It could be concluded that static stretching improves flexibility and long jump, while dynamic stretching improves muscular activation.

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Viscoelastic stress relaxation in human skeletal muscle

Cited by 135 publications

References 0 publications

An Acute Bout of Static Stretching Does Not Affect Maximal Eccentric Isokinetic Peak Torque, the Joint Angle at Peak Torque, Mean Power, Electromyography, or Mechanomyography

An Acute Bout of Static Stretching Does Not Affect Maximal Eccentric Isokinetic Peak Torque, the Joint Angle at Peak Torque, Mean Power, Electromyography, or Mechanomyography

Viscoelastic Behavior of Plantar Flexor Muscle-Tendon Unit at Rest

Efeitos agudos e crônicos de um programa de alongamento estático e dinâmico no rendimento em jovens atletas do futebol

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