A fractal model of structure [V. V. Novikov et al., Phys. Rev. E 63, 036120 (2001)] is generalized and applied to study the viscoelastic properties of a two-component, strongly inhomogeneous medium of chaotic structure with one component exhibiting a negative shear modulus. It is shown that similar to the results obtained recently in frames of the Hashin -Strikman model [R. S. Lakes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2897 (2001)], the present fractal model predicts the existence of composites having effective shear and damping coefficients much higher than those of the component phases. The viscoelastic properties of the strongly inhomogeneous medium are, however, qualitatively different from the properties of the Hashin-Strikman medium.