Viscoelastic factors in the strength of elastomers under complex stress by a puncture method

Livingston, D. I.; Yeh, G. S. Y.; Rohall, P.; Gehman, S. D.

doi:10.1002/app.1961.070051610

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…(b) The measured penetration force for soft solids Several researchers (Figge & Barnet 1948;Livingston et al . 1961;Knight 1975;Black et al .…”

Section: (A) Mechanisms Of Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1985); KT, Katakura & Tsuji (1985); C, Charrier et al . (1986); SA, Stevenson & Abmalek (1994); L, Livingston et al . (1961) Investigations into the puncture of human cadavers and animal skin with needles and knives highlight the sensitivity of the penetration force to the geometry of the penetrator, type of tissue, and loading parameters, such as the degree of pre-stretch of the skin and the velocity of the penetrator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanisms of deep penetration of soft solids, with application to the injection and wounding of skin

Shergold

Fleck

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

159

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Micromechanical models are developed for the deep penetration of a soft solid by a flat-bottomed and by a sharp-tipped cylindrical punch. The soft solid is taken to represent mammalian skin and silicone rubbers, and is treated as an incompressible, hyperelastic, isotropic solid described by a one-term Ogden strain energy function. Penetration of the soft solid by a flat-bottomed punch is by the formation of a mode-II ring crack that propagates ahead of the penetrator tip. The sharp-tipped punch penetrates by the formation of a planar mode-I crack at the punch tip, followed by wedging open of the crack by the advancing punch.For both modes of punch advance the steady-state penetration load is calculated by equating the work done in advancing the punch to the sum of the fracture work and the strain energy stored in the solid. For the case of a sharp penetrator, this calculation is performed by considering the opening of a plane-strain crack by a wedge using a finite-element approach. Analytical methods suffice for the flat-bottomed punch. In both models the crack dimensions are such that the load on the punch is minimized.For both geometries of punch tip, the predicted penetration pressure increases with diminishing punch radius, and with increasing toughness and strain-hardening capacity of solid. The penetration pressure for a flat-bottomed punch is two to three times greater than that for a sharp-tipped punch (assuming that the mode-I and mode-II toughnesses are equal), in agreement with experimental observations reported in a companion paper.

show abstract

“…(b) The measured penetration force for soft solids Several researchers (Figge & Barnet 1948;Livingston et al . 1961;Knight 1975;Black et al .…”

Section: (A) Mechanisms Of Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of deep penetration of soft solids, with application to the injection and wounding of skin

Shergold

Fleck

2004

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

159

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A mechanical description of puncture and deep penetration, in relation to material properties, has been provided via experimentation 8–16 and theory. 17,18 Experimental observations evidenced the role of friction and adhesion in mediating needle penetration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Engineering applications involve food processing, 6 manufacturing, and (in situ) material testing. 7 A mechanical description of puncture and deep penetration, in relation to material properties, has been provided via experimentation [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and theory. 17,18 Experimental observations evidenced the role of friction and adhesion in mediating needle penetration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How friction and adhesion affect the mechanics of deep penetration in soft solids

Fregonese

Bacca

2022

Soft Matter

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Scale effects in animal joints. II. Thickness and elasticity in the deformability of articular cartilage

Simon

1971

Arthritis & Rheumatism

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The deformability of articular cartilage was studied in vitro in 64 bovine, canine and human joints with an indenting compressometer. Two factors contributed to the depth of the indentation: the thickness of the cartilage and its intrinsic elasticity. Within a given species, there was in general a consistent curvilinear relationship between the magnitude of the deformation and the thickness of the articular cartilage under a given level of static loading (usually 106 pounds per square inch). Although it was not possible to establish a satisfactory Young's modulus, differences in intrinsic elasticity were demonstrated by variations in the indentations produced in cartilages of comparable thickness, when subjected to the same compressive stress. These species differences corresponded roughly to variations in the water content of the articular cartilages (bovine, 87; canine, 80; human, 79%). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that deformability of articular cartilage serves to increase the congruence of joints and thereby reduce the stresses on their surfaces. A frequently postulated senescent thinning of articular cartilage received no support from measurements of 28 intact human patellas through the fifth decade of life.The functional significance of the thickness of articular cartilage was explored in a previous study (1). N o support was found for older views that it is related to compressive stress, at least of the static type. The elbow and ankle of the several species examined had thinner cartilages than other joints: they also were more congruent and had fewer degrees of freedom of motion. This suggested the possibility that articular cartilage is thicker in regions of low con- gruence-a thesis proposed in 1891 byBraune and Fischer (2). Conceivably, because the cartilage is a deformable material, the greater thickness might serve to redistribute and thereby reduce stress at high points on.rhe underlying joint cortex (Fig 1). The present study was undertaken to see what the relationship between the thickness and deformability might be. An attempt was made to discriminate between the effect of thickness per se and the intrinsic elasticity of the tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimen MaterialTo study articular cartilages covering a wide range of thickness (25 to 4.0 mm), 64 joints of different species were tested: proximal tibia, dog:

show abstract

Viscoelastic factors in the strength of elastomers under complex stress by a puncture method

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Mechanisms of deep penetration of soft solids, with application to the injection and wounding of skin

Mechanisms of deep penetration of soft solids, with application to the injection and wounding of skin

How friction and adhesion affect the mechanics of deep penetration in soft solids

Scale effects in animal joints. II. Thickness and elasticity in the deformability of articular cartilage

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About