Visceral leishmaniasis and vulnerability conditions in an endemic urban area of Northeastern Brazil

Rocha, Anárya Teresa de Freitas; Espíndola, Giovana Mira de; Soares, Maria Regiane Araujo; Rocha, José de Ribamar de Sousa; Costa, Carlos Henrique Nery

doi:10.1093/trstmh/try058

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In spite of the efforts to control VL in Brazil, the disease is still expanding throughout the country [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Among the interventions recommended in VLSCP, canine euthanasia is the least approved by the community for obvious reasons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies – an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil

et al. 2020

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease, caused by Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) species. In Brazil, the transmission of this parasite essentially occurs through the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Aiming at preventing VL expansion over the country, integrated control actions have been implemented through a Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program (VLSCP). Among the actions currently adopted by the program, the screening-culling of seropositive dogs for canine VL (CVL) is particularly polemic. Dogs with negative or divergent serology for CVL remain in their owner's domicile and are monitored by public health agents. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of CVL and analyzed the implementation of the VLSCP screening-culling action, in an area in Brazil where there has been a recent expansion of VL. Canine census surveys were conducted semiannually for two years (Aug/2015 to Feb/2017). Serological diagnosis of CVL was performed in accordance with current VLSCP protocol: immunochromatography (TR-DPP) followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA EIE). 6,667 dogs were serologically screened for CVL, of which 567 (8.5%) were positive in both tests and 641 (9.6%) had divergent results. A variable percentage (6.3% to 65.4%) of the dogs in the latter group became positive within nine months from the first result. Xenodiagnosis was conducted in canine samples belonging to any of the three possible serological statuses for CVL-positive, divergent or negative. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected in Lu. longipalpis that fed on 50.0% (5/10) of dogs with positive serology and on 29.4% (5/17) of dogs with divergent serological status for CVL. Therefore, dogs with divergent serology for CVL may be as Leishmania-infective to Lu. longipalpis as seropositive ones. Even with the adoption

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies – an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil

et al. 2020

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“…The global Moran's I index was computed to analyse the spatial autocorrelation using a first order proximity matrix, which was expanded upon using contiguity criterion. This index ranges from -1 to +1, with positive values indicating positive spatial autocorrelation and [23]. Statistical significances were identified using Monte Carlo simulations with 999 permutations.…”

Section: Spatial Cluster Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to univariate analysis, the bivariate global Moran's does not reveal spatial clustering [13,29]. Thus, the bivariate LISA analysis was employed to determine the degree of spatial correlation of the data in relation to its neighbours [23], generating a scatter plot with four quadrants [30]: Q1 (municipalities with high VL incidence rates and high social vulnerability in neighbouring municipalities), Q2 (municipalities with low VL incidence rate and low social vulnerability in neighbouring municipalities), Q3 (municipalities with high VL incidence rates and low social vulnerability in neighbouring municipalities) and Q4 (municipalities with low PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES VL incidence rates and high social vulnerability in neighbouring municipalities). These clusters were depicted in Moran maps and only the statistically significant results were considered (p<0.05).…”

Section: Bivariate Spatial Cluster Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Space-time risk cluster of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic region with high social vulnerability: An ecological time series study

et al. 2021

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Background Despite visceral leishmaniasis (VL) being epidemic in most Brazilian regions, the Northeast region is responsible for the highest morbidity and mortality outcomes within the country. Objective To analyse the spatiotemporal dynamics of VL cases to identify the temporal trends and high-risk areas for VL transmission, as well as the association of the disease with social vulnerability in Brazilian Northeast. Methods We carried out an ecological time series study employing spatial analysis techniques using all VL confirmed cases of 1,794 municipalities of Brazilian Northeast between the years 2000 to 2017. The Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) was used to represent the social vulnerability. Incidence rates were standardized and smoothed by the Local Empirical Bayesian Method. Time trends were examined through segmented linear regression. Spatiotemporal analysis consisted of uni- and bivariate Global and Local Moran indexes and space-time scan statistics. Results Incidence rate remained stable and ranged from 4.84 to 3.52 cases/100,000 inhabitants. There was higher case prevalence between males (62.71%), children and adolescents (63.27%), non-white (69.75%) and urban residents (62.58%). Increasing trends of new cases were observed among adult male subjects (≥ 40 years old) and urban residents. Importantly, VL incidence showed a direct spatial dependence. Spatial and space-time clusters were identified in sertão and meio-norte sub-regions, overlapping with high social vulnerability areas. Conclusions VL is a persistent health issue in Brazilian Northeast and associated with social vulnerability. Space-time clustering of VL cases in socially vulnerable municipalities demands intersectoral public policies of surveillance and control, with focus on reducing inequalities and improving living conditions for regional inhabitants.

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“…These data are the most updated data accessible at this spatial scale and the one with the most range of socioeconomic variables. The methodology used to compute the social vulnerability index was described by Freitas et al [69]. They used a composite vulnerability index constructed from the three synthetic indicators: (i) social structure vulnerability indicator (SSVI), which computes household density and the proportion of literate persons responsible for the households; (ii) household structure vulnerability indicator (HSVI), which computes the proportion of water supply, bathrooms, garbage collection, and electricity in the households; and (iii) urban infrastructure vulnerability indicator (UIV), which computes the proportion of public lighting, paved roads, and arborization in households' surrounding.…”

Section: Remote Sensing and Census Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Urban Sprawl and Surface Urban Heat Island in the Teresina–Timon Conurbation Area in Brazil

Carneiro

Lopes

Espíndola

2021

Land

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Negative consequences of urban growing disparities usually lead to impressive levels of segregation, marginalization, and injustices, particularly in the context of climate change. Understanding the relations between urban expansion and social vulnerability has become extremely necessary for municipality management and sustainable urban development. Although the study of urbanization in Latin America (LA) has been well discussed, little attention has been given to how the population is affected by urban expansion-oriented movement after the 2008 economic crisis. Massive investments in infrastructure displaced the population to peripheral zones without adequate urban planning, which reflected in alteration in land use and land cover (LULC), followed by environmental impacts and public health issues caused by thermal discomfort, notably in semiarid regions. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of urban sprawl on the Teresina–Timon conurbation (TTC) area’s local population, located in Brazil’s northeast. Descriptive metrics (Moran’s I statistic and social vulnerability index) and orbital products derived from remote sensing—LULC and Land surface temperature (LST) maps—were applied. The results indicated that the housing program ‘My House My Life’ (PMCMV) had increased the values of land consumption per capita since 2009 significantly, showing a clear expanding trend. The gradual replacement of green areas by residential settlements resulted in an increased LST. The PMCMV program contributed substantially to a change in land use and land cover, which increased the extent of urbanized areas and changed the local microclimate.

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Visceral leishmaniasis and vulnerability conditions in an endemic urban area of Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: Addressing the local vulnerability conditions is important to the understanding of the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis, identifying the most susceptible areas, and planning control strategies.

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies – an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil

Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies – an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil

Space-time risk cluster of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazilian endemic region with high social vulnerability: An ecological time series study

Linking Urban Sprawl and Surface Urban Heat Island in the Teresina–Timon Conurbation Area in Brazil

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