Visceral leishmaniasis and renal tuberculosis in a patient on maintenance haemodialysis

Co-infection of tuberculosis and parasitic diseases in humans: a systematic review

“…This review only found 24 cases of co-infection with TB and parasitic diseases but they distributed widely in 13 countries and covered PTB, extrapulmonary TB, and diseases caused by protozoa and helminths [8-29]. We also found 5 epidemiological studies in which prevalence of co-infection varied widely [30-34], and found that it was evident in 18 studies that the activity of the host’s immune system was altered during co-infection happened [27,34-42,44-51].…”

“…About 17 parasite genera concurrent with M. TB were reviewed as case reports, epidemiological surveys and immunological research, which were divided into protozoa ( Entamoeba [32,49], Leishmania [8-16,31], Giardia lamblia [28,32], Trichomonas [17], Plasmodium [18,33,35,37,38], Toxoplasma [19-21]) and helminths ( Clonorchis sinensis [30], Opisthorchis [39,40], Schistosoma [22,33,34], Taenia [32], Echinococcus [23-27], Ascaris lumbricoides [32,34,49], Toxocara [20], Trichuris trichiura [30,32,34], Ancylostoma [32-34], Strongyloides stercoralis [28,32,34,49], Filaria [29,43,44]) and covered most of the common parasites species. Of those, leishmaniasis, hydatid disease and malaria were reported to coexist more freuequently with TB in the human body.…”

“…Among ten cases reported to be co-infected with TB and leishmaniasis, only two cases were female [8-16], however, only one of six cases co-infected with TB and hydatid disease was male [23-27]. In spite of these limited data without epidemiological evidence, we can infer that different social roles associated by gender possibly result in different probabilities of contacting different parasites resulting in different incidence and prevalence.…”

“…The co-infection of TB and parasitic diseases have been reported in many studies for almost the past 70 years, although great achievements have been gained in the fields of TB and parasitic disease control and prevention respectively [2-5]. Up to 2012, some cases of co-infection between TB and parasitic diseases were reported around the world [8-29], and some epidemiological surveys of co-infection in hospitals or communities were carried out [30-34]. Some of these studies showed that the immune response was modified in the co-infection situation [35-51].…”

Incidence of tuberculosis in nondialysis-requiring CKD patients

“…Some relatively uncommon cases were also reported, including intestinal TB, renal TB, breast TB, and tuberculous orchitis. [13][14][15][16] In the present study, the incidence of TB in nondialysis-requiring CKD group was 10.3% in which pulmonary TB was 3.9% while extrapulmonary TB was 6.4%. Among extrapulmonary TB, 52% positivity was seen in pleural effusion, 16.40% in ascetic fluid, 10.10% in lymphnodes, 7.4% in urinary tract, 3.7% in CSF, 2.6% in pericardial fluid, 1.6% in adrenal tissue and 1.1% in spine.…”