Visceral fat in white and African American prepubertal children

Goran, MI; Nagy, TR; Treuth, Margarita S.; Trowbridge, Christina A.; Dezenberg, Carl; McGloin, Aileen; Gower, Barbara A.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.6.1703

Cited by 141 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Visceral adiposity is highly variable in children and is related to ethnicity. Goran et al, (1997) have shown that the relative distribution of intra-abdominal tissue compared with the subcutaneous abdominal region is significantly lower in African-American children than in whites. The effect of visceral adiposity on the metabolic complications and risk of cardiovascular disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes in adults may also vary amongst ethnic groups (Albu et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0–16.9 y

2001

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Objective: To develop waist circumference percentile curves for British children and to compare these curves with those from other countries. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: School-aged population. Subjects: A representative sample of school children from the geographical regions of Great Britain, approximately in proportion to their age distribution. The sample population consisted of 8355 children (3585 males, 4770 females) with ages ranging between 5.0 and 16.9 y. Interventions: Waist circumferences were measured with a flexible non-elastic tape and waist circumference percentiles were constructed and smoothed using the LMS method. Main outcome measures: Smoothed waist circumference percentile curves. Results: Mean waist circumference increased with age in both boys and girls. For girls, curves began to plateau after the age of 13 y whereas, for boys, waist percentile curves continued to increase more sharply after this age. However, these curves mainly reflect the patterns of waist circumference in Caucasian children. Conclusions: These curves represent the first waist circumference percentiles for British children and could be used provisionally for both clinical and possibly epidemiological use, although they should be validated against equivalent longitudinal data. Sponsorship: This project has been sponsored by UNL Diversity and Development Fund.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…One potential difficulty with the waist circumference measurement will be its use across ethnic groups. Children from different populations vary in their rate of proportional growth and in fat patterning (Goran et al, 1997). Visceral adiposity is highly variable in children and is related to ethnicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0–16.9 y

2001

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“…5 ± 11,23,24 Abdominal visceral fat has recently been measured in children. 25,26 These studies have suggested that deleterious effects of visceral adipose tissue on lipidalipoprotein risk factors seen in adults are already present in children. Predicting visceral fat from anthropometric measures such as waist girth, WHR and sagittal diameter has been attempted in both adults 8,10,27 and children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical value for the index of body fat distribution based on waist and hip circumferences and stature in obese girls

Asayama¹,

Oguni

Hayashi

et al. 2000

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the critical value for the standard deviation score (SDS) of waist ± hip ratio (WHR)aheight (Ht), as an age-adjusted measure of body fat distribution, in relation to occurrence of biochemical complications in obese girls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, clinical study. The (WHRaHt)-SDS was calculated as described previously. Obese girls were classi®ed into two groups according to the occurrence of abnormal values in either serum triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase or insulin level. The criteria for obesity were subjected to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. SUBJECTS: One-hundred and twenty-four outpatient Japanese obese girls, ranging in age from 9 to 15 y. MEASUREMENTS: Height, body weight, waist girth and hip girth as anthropometric measures. Percentage overweight, waist girth, WHR and (WHRaHt)-SDS as criteria for obesity. Clinical laboratory analysis for fasting blood samples of obese children. RESULTS: Fifty-nine girls were classi®ed into the no complication group, and 65 girls into the complication group. Those with complications were older, more obese, and their waist girth and WHR were larger, than the girls without complications. The (WHRaHt)-SDS was b2-fold higher and lipoprotein pro®le was more atherogenic in the complication group than in the no complication group. Among the four criteria of obesity, (WHRaHt)-SDS gave the ROC curve skewed furthest into the top left corner of the diagram. Both sensitivity and speci®city for (WHRaHt)-SDS were b80% at the critical value of 2.00. The sensitivity for waist girth was as high as that for speci®city for the rest of the criteria were`80%. CONCLUSION: Only (WHRaHt)-SDS showed high enough sensitivity and speci®city to predict metabolic derangement in the present obese girls. (WHRaHt)-SDS can serve as the diagnostic criterion that classi®es obesity in Japanese adolescent girls into two types.

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“…These findings suggest that these individuals may be at a greater risk of obesity-related morbidity. Studies in the USA (Goran et al 1997;He et al 2002b) have demonstrated ethnic differences in fat distribution among Asian, African-American and Caucasian prepubertal children. Generally, the relative distribution of adipose tissue in the intra-abdominal region compared with the subcutaneous abdominal region is significantly lower in children from African-American backgrounds compared with Caucasian children.…”

Section: Abdominal Fatness Ethnicity and Health Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body fat measurements in children as predictors for the metabolic syndrome: focus on waist circumference

McCarthy

2006

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

116

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The global epidemic of obesity in children will see a rise in the number of cases of metabolic syndrome, which is a clustering of CVD risk factors, including atherogenic levels of blood lipids, hyperinsulinaemia and raised blood pressure. Rather than excess general fatness (assessed by BMI), more specifically it is excess abdominal fatness, quantified by waist circumference measurement, which is a better measure of risk for these metabolic abnormalities in children of all ages. Insulin resistance, a consequence of excess visceral fat, is understood to be the driving force underpinning the metabolic syndrome. Consequently, assessment of abdominal fatness in children is proving to be more clinically useful. Waist circumference centile charts have now been developed for the UK and other paediatric populations to assist in this process. Furthermore, studies in the UK and elsewhere have shown that abdominal fatness has increased in infants, children and adolescents to a greater extent than overall fatness over the past 10-20 years, suggesting that obesity prevalence may be underestimated when based entirely on BMI. Additionally, ethnic differences in fat distribution have been demonstrated in children, with those from south Asian backgrounds having a greater abdominal distribution compared with Caucasian children and consequently having a much greater risk for type 2 diabetes. The information that can be provided by waist circumference measurement in children, as in adults, together with the recent changes in body fat distribution should provide the impetus for its measurement to be standardised and routinely taken in clinical and epidemiological settings.

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Visceral fat in white and African American prepubertal children

Cited by 141 publications

References 13 publications

The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0–16.9 y

The development of waist circumference percentiles in British children aged 5.0–16.9 y

Critical value for the index of body fat distribution based on waist and hip circumferences and stature in obese girls

Body fat measurements in children as predictors for the metabolic syndrome: focus on waist circumference

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