Viruses of invasive Argentine ants from the European Main supercolony: characterization, interactions and evolution

Viljakainen, Lumi; Holmberg, Ida; Abril, Sílvia; Jurvansuu, Jaana

doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001104

Cited by 32 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…In comparison to negative-and double-stranded viruses, RNA levels of positive-strand RNA viruses, such as LnoMLV1, varied most between the glow-worm individuals. Similar phenomenon has also been seen in Argentine ant viruses [36]. However, such massive LnoMLV1 levels as found in the two males are clearly a result of pathogenic virus activation and might explain why we did not detect LnoMLV1 the next year.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses

et al. 2020

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The common glow-worms (Lampyris noctiluca) are best known for emission of green light by their larvae and sexually active adult females. However, both their DNA and RNA viruses remain unknown. Glow-worms are virologically interesting, as they are non-social and do not feed as adults, and hence their viral transmission may be limited. We identified viral sequences from 11 different virus taxa by the RNA-sequencing of two Finnish populations of adult glow-worms. The viruses represent nine different virus families and have negative, positive, or double-stranded RNA genomes. We also found a complete retroviral genome. Similar viral sequences were found from the sequencing data of common eastern firefly of North America, a species belonging to the same family (Lampyridae) as that of the common glow-worm. On average, an individual glow-worm had seven different RNA virus types and most of them appeared to establish a stable infection since they were found from glow-worms during two consecutive years. Here we present the characterization of load, prevalence, and interactions for each virus. Most of the glow-worm RNA viruses seem to be transmitted vertically, which may reflect the biology of glow-worms as non-social capital breeders, i.e., they invest stored resources in reproduction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses

et al. 2020

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“…An ONLV2-related endogenized virus element (EVE) has also been reported for arthropods (Shi et al 2016); EVEs represent virus fragments that have been spuriously reverse-transcribed and integrated into host genomes, and provide further evidence as to the true host(s) of virus groups (Katzourakis and Gifford 2010). We also detected sequences predicted to encode proteins with (Chandler et al 2015;Shi et al 2016;Shi et al 2017;Viljakainen et al 2018;Göertz et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

A case for a reverse-frame coding sequence in a group of positive-sense RNA viruses

Dinan

Lukhovitskaya

Olendraitė

et al. 2019

Preprint

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ABSTRACTPositive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses form the largest and most diverse group of eukaryote-infecting viruses. Their genomes comprise one or more segments of coding-sense RNA that function directly as messenger RNAs upon release into the cytoplasm of infected cells. Positive-sense RNA viruses are generally accepted to encode proteins solely on the positive strand. However, we previously identified a surprisingly long (~1000 codons) open reading frame (ORF) on the negative strand of some members of the family Narnaviridae which, together with RNA bacteriophages of the family Leviviridae, form a sister group to all other positive-sense RNA viruses. Here, we completed the genomes of three mosquito-associated narnaviruses, all of which have the long reverse-frame ORF. We systematically identified narnaviral sequences in public data sets from a wide range of sources, including arthropod, fungi and plant transcriptomic datasets. Long reverse-frame ORFs are widespread in one clade of narnaviruses, where they frequently occupy >95% of the genome. The reverse-frame ORFs correspond to a specific avoidance of CUA, UUA and UCA codons (i.e. stop codon reverse complements) in the forward-frame RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ORF. However, absence of these codons cannot be explained by other factors such as inability to decode these codons or GC3 bias. Together with other analyses, we provide the strongest evidence yet of coding capacity on the negative strand of a positive-sense RNA virus. As these ORFs comprise some of the longest known overlapping genes, their study may be of broad relevance to understanding overlapping gene evolution and de novo origin of genes.

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“…Eight RNA viruses were identified in the Trinity‐assembled contigs of reads that could not be mapped to the L. humile genome (Viljakainen, Holmberg, Abril, & Jurvansuu, ). We found that all our samples contained RNA viruses at different loads.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens

Viljakainen

Jurvansuu

Holmberg

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Social insects have evolved enormous capacities to collectively build nests and defend their colonies against both predators and pathogens. The latter is achieved by a combination of individual immune responses and sophisticated collective behavioral and organizational disease defenses, that is, social immunity. We investigated how the presence or absence of these social defense lines affects individual‐level immunity in ant queens after bacterial infection. To this end, we injected queens of the ant Linepithema humile with a mix of gram+ and gram− bacteria or a control solution, reared them either with workers or alone and analyzed their gene expression patterns at 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr post‐injection, using RNA‐seq. This allowed us to test for the effect of bacterial infection, social context, as well as the interaction between the two over the course of infection and raising of an immune response. We found that social isolation per se affected queen gene expression for metabolism genes, but not for immune genes. When infected, queens reared with and without workers up‐regulated similar numbers of innate immune genes revealing activation of Toll and Imd signaling pathways and melanization. Interestingly, however, they mostly regulated different genes along the pathways and showed a different pattern of overall gene up‐regulation or down‐regulation. Hence, we can conclude that the absence of workers does not compromise the onset of an individual immune response by the queens, but that the social environment impacts the route of the individual innate immune responses.

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Viruses of invasive Argentine ants from the European Main supercolony: characterization, interactions and evolution

Cited by 32 publications

References 61 publications

Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses

Identification and characterisation of common glow-worm RNA viruses

A case for a reverse-frame coding sequence in a group of positive-sense RNA viruses

Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens

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