Viruses in Families

Fox, J. P.; Hall, CarrieE.; Gardner, P. S.; Sturdy, PatriciaM.; Hurrell, G.D.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91753-3

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…An endemic pattern to AV 2 and AV 7 was seen in all categories of subjects in this sample. This is confirmation of earlier observations that continuous reexposure by respiratory droplet to endemic serotypes is characteristic of adult AV transmission [Fox and Hall, 1980;Huebner et al, 1954;Tai and Grayston, 19621.…”

Section: Phasesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…It is probable that maintenance of antibody over 8-9 years in the homosexual subjects represents some reservoir of viral shedding among sexual contacts within the community. Persistent infection with extended viral shedding from the colon €or up to 3 years is well documented for subgenus C AVs [Fox and Hall, 1980;Wadell, 1990;Wigand and Adrian, 19861 but has not been reported previously for subgenus D AVs in the immunocompetent.…”

Section: Phasementioning

confidence: 93%

“…Seroprevalence and antibody levels to any given serotype, therefore, depended on the levels of that virus circulating in the community. Seroprevalence to the endemic serotypes were from 25% to 82%, but only from 0% to 6% against the serotypes involved in sporadic outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis [Fox and Hall, 1980;Huebner et al, 1954;Tai and Grayston, 19623. Here, we report the results of a serologic survey for neutralizing antibody to AV 48 and AV 49 among HIVseronegative and -seropositive homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual men from San Francisco. Our objectives were (1) to establish a seroprevalence rate among HIV-seropositives and -seronegatives to determine whether infection is associated with impaired immune function, (2) to examine whether sexual orientation played a role in infection rates, (3) to document the appearance of these viruses by the earliest dates of infection, and (4) to characterize the neutralizing antibody responses to these two viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Seroepidemiology of new AIDS-associated adenoviruses among the San Francisco Men's Health Study

Crawford-Miksza

Schnurr

1996

J. Med. Virol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A seroprevalence survey to recently proposed adenovirus (AV) serotypes AV 48 and AV 49, isolated primarily from AIDS patients, was conducted among the San Francisco Men's Health Study cohort. This cohort of homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual HIV-seronegative and -seropositive men from selected San Francisco census tracts has been studied since 1984. The presence or absence of type-specific antibody in 628 serum specimens from 1989 was determined by microneutralization. Thirty of these subjects (26 positive and four negative) were studied longitudinally. Serum specimens taken at 6-month intervals from 1984 to 1993 were tested to characterize antibody response and to document the advent of these new serotypes. Eight subjects were tested against five other AV serotypes for comparison. AV 48 and AV 49 seroprevalence rates were significantly higher in HIV-seropositives, but infection was not limited to the immunocompromised. Sexual preference was not a significant determinant for AV seroprevalence in HIV-seronegatives. However, the extent and duration of the neutralizing antibody response was strikingly different between homosexuals and heterosexuals: an endemic pattern of continuous reexposure over the 9-year period was seen in 90% of 19 homosexuals, while five of six heterosexuals (83%) had an episodic pattern of exposure with antibody decline to undetectable levels. These data suggest that these viruses may be endemic in some part of the homosexual population and that sexual transmission may be the primary source of continuous reexposure.

show abstract

Section: Phasesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Phasementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Seroepidemiology of new AIDS-associated adenoviruses among the San Francisco Men's Health Study

Crawford-Miksza

Schnurr

1996

J. Med. Virol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12 We accepted the definition of the beginning of the period as two weeks before the onset of clinical URTI,9 as it is not always easy to define the exact onset day, and because virus shedding can sometimes occur as early as 13 days before the onset of clinical symptoms 33. However, we limited the end of the at risk period to two weeks after the onset of clinical URTI, as viral replication is most unlikely to persist beyond this period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis

Edwards

Zvartau

Clarke

et al. 1998

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

164

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background-Although the risk of clinical attacks of multiple sclerosis seems to be significantly increased with viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), serological evidence for the reported association remains controversial. In addition, although MRI is six to 10 times more sensitive than clinical exacerbations in indexing disease activity, any possible association between URTI and MRI activity has yet to be investigated. Objectives-To examine the relation between URTI and disease activity, in multiple sclerosis patients participating in a placebo controlled trial of interferon -1a, as indexed both by clinical exacerbation rate and by the number and volume of gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) enhancing lesions on MRI. "At risk" periods were defined around symptomatic URTI, with or without serological confirmation. Results-The relative risk of clinical relapse for serologically unconfirmed symptomatic URTI was 2.1 (p=0.004). Raised antiviral antibody titres conferred a relative risk of multiple sclerosis exacerbations that was 3.4 times higher than the "not at risk" periods (annual attack rates of 5.7 v 1.6, respectively, p=0.006). There was no definite relation between the number or the volume of active lesions on MRI and either symptomatic or serologically defined at risk periods. Conclusions-These results confirm the previously reported association between viral infections and multiple sclerosis exacerbations and indicate that the relative risk may be even higher when viral infection is serologically confirmed. However, the results, perhaps because of the confounding eVects of interferon -1a, do not provide convincing evidence of increased blood-brain barrier breakdown or inflammation during periods of virally induced immune stimulation. (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;64:736-741)

show abstract

“…Experimental evidence suggests that infection is insufficient to engender definitive immunity to subsequent infectious challenge. 125,126 Reinfection occurs for two important reasons: first, the majority of the response to natural infection is raised to peptides that an individual human is unlikely to be exposed to again, and thus the full potential of the conserved antigenic content may not be realized. Second, any given influenza strain has limited conserved immunogenic content.…”

Section: Future Directions For Influenza Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A call to cellular & humoral arms: Enlisting cognate T cell help to develop broad-spectrum vaccines against influenza A

McMurry¹,

Johansson²,

Groot³

2008

Human Vaccines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Viruses in Families

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Seroepidemiology of new AIDS-associated adenoviruses among the San Francisco Men's Health Study

Seroepidemiology of new AIDS-associated adenoviruses among the San Francisco Men's Health Study

Clinical relapses and disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging associated with viral upper respiratory tract infections in multiple sclerosis

A call to cellular & humoral arms: Enlisting cognate T cell help to develop broad-spectrum vaccines against influenza A

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About