Viruses causing lower respiratory symptoms in young children: findings from the ORChID birth cohort

Sarna, Mohinder; Lambert, Stephen B.; Sloots, Theo P.; Whiley, David M.; Alsaleh, Asma N.; Mhango, Lebogang; Bialasiewicz, Seweryn; Wang, David; Nissen, Michael D.; Grimwood, Keith; Ware, Robert S.

doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210233

Cited by 51 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Finally, the ORChID study was conducted in one major subtropical city in Australia and as often occurs with studies of this nature involved smaller, socially‐advantaged families. Nonetheless, the findings are valid and prevalence of bacterial detection agrees with cohort studies from other settings as do the rates of ARI and virus detection …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“… a 17 respiratory viruses tested by polymerase chain reaction assays (human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1‐3, human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses (OC43, NL63, 229E, HKU1), adenovirus, human polyomaviruses (KI, WU) and human bocavirus‐1) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants were able to leave the study temporarily (such as during family holidays) and re‐join at a later date. The primary aim of the ORChID study was to describe the nature and timing of viral respiratory and gastrointestinal infections during the first 2‐years of life . Here, we undertook a secondary analysis of the ORChID database and sample bank to evaluate bacterial carriage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Swabs were batch‐tested for five bacterial ( S. pneumoniae , M. catarrhalis , H. influenzae , Bordetella pertussis , B. parapertussis ) and three atypical bacterial ( M. pneumoniae , Chlamydophila pneumoniae , Simkania negevensis ) pathogens using validated real‐time PCR assays (Supplemental Digital Content 1, Table). Batch testing methods and results for 17 respiratory viruses from the ORChID cohort were available and have been described previously . Ct values <40 for individual bacteria were considered positive …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An infection was an LRTI when parents reported rattly breathing, moist cough, shortness of breath, wheeze, or doctor‐diagnosed pneumonia. An infection was a URTI when parents reported nasal discharge/congestion, dry cough, or a doctor‐diagnosed otitis media …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Palmu

Ware

Lambert

et al. 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Background Most respiratory bacterial carriage studies in children are based on cross‐sectional samples or longitudinal studies with infrequent sampling points. The prospective Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases birth cohort study intensively evaluated the community‐based epidemiology of respiratory viruses and bacteria during the first 2‐years of life. Here we report the bacteriologic findings. Methods Pregnant women in Brisbane, Australia were recruited between September 2010 and October 2012, and their healthy newborn children were followed for the first 2‐years of life. Parents kept a daily symptom diary for the study child, collected a weekly anterior nose swab and completed an illness burden diary when their child met pre‐defined illness criteria. Specimens were tested for respiratory bacteria by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and those containing human genomic DNA, deemed as high‐quality, were analyzed. Results Altogether 8100 high‐quality nasal swab specimens from 158 enrolled children were analyzed. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae were detected in 42.4%, 38.9%, and 14.8% of these samples, respectively. Concomitant detection of bacteria was common. In contrast, Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Simkania negevensis were rarely identified. The prevalence of the three major bacteria was higher with increasing age and in the winter and spring months. Siblings and childcare attendance were the other risk factors identified. Conclusions We confirmed the feasibility of frequent nasal swabbing by parents for studying bacterial colonization. PCR detected the major respiratory tract bacteria with expected high frequencies, but atypical bacteria were found rarely in this cohort.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Palmu

Ware

Lambert

et al. 2019

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Viruses associated with acute respiratory infection in a community‐based cohort of healthy New Zealand children

Walker

Stelzer-Braid

Shorter

et al. 2019

Journal of Medical Virology

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Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a major cause of morbidity among children.Respiratory viruses are commonly detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic periods. The rates of infection and community epidemiology of respiratory viruses in healthy children needs further definition to assist interpretation of molecular diagnostic assays in this population. Children otherwise healthy aged 1 to 8 years were prospectively enrolled in the study during two consecutive winters, when ARIs peak in New Zealand.Parents completed a daily symptom diary for 8 weeks, during which time they collected a nasal swab from the child for each clinical ARI episode. A further nasal swab was collected by research staff during a clinic visit at the conclusion of the study. All samples were tested for 15 respiratory viruses commonly causing ARI using molecular multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays. There were 575 ARIs identified from 301 children completing the study, at a rate of 1.04 per child-month. Swabs collected during an ARI were positive for a respiratory virus in 76.8% (307 of 400), compared with 37.3% (79 of 212) of swabs collected during asymptomatic periods. The most common viruses detected were human rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza viruses, influenzavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus. All of these were significantly more likely to be detected during ARIs than asymptomatic periods. Parent-administered surveillance is a useful mechanism for understanding infectious disease in healthy children in the community.Interpretation of molecular diagnostic assays for viruses must be informed by understanding of local rates of asymptomatic infection by such viruses. K E Y W O R D S asymptomatic infection, epidemiology, pediatric, respiratory virus, surveillance

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Bacterial colonization dynamics associated with respiratory syncytial virus during early childhood

Brealey

Young

Sloots

et al. 2020

Pediatric Pulmonology

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of early life acute respiratory infections. Potentially pathogenic respiratory bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae are frequently detected during RSV infections and associated with increased illness severity. However, the temporal dynamics of bacterial colonization associated with RSV infection remain unclear. We used weekly nasal swab data from a prospective longitudinal birth cohort in Brisbane, Australia, to investigate bacterial colonization patterns within children aged less than 2 years in the 4‐week period before and after an RSV infection. During 54 RSV infection episodes recorded in 47 children, both S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis were detected frequently (in 33 [61.1%] and 26 [48.1%] RSV infections, respectively). In most cases, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis colonization preceded the viral infection, with the nasal load of each increasing during RSV infection. Generally, the dominant serotype of S. pneumoniae remained consistent in the 1 to 2 weeks immediately before and after RSV infection. Little evidence was found to indicate that prior colonization with either bacteria predisposed participants to developing RSV infection during the annual seasonal epidemic. Possible coacquisition events, where the bacteria species was first detected with RSV and not in the preceding 4 weeks, were observed in approximately 20% of RSV/S. pneumoniae and RSV/M. catarrhalis codetections. Taken together our results indicate that RSV generally triggered an outgrowth, rather than a new acquisition, of S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis from the resident microbial community.

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Viruses causing lower respiratory symptoms in young children: findings from the ORChID birth cohort

Cited by 51 publications

References 40 publications

Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Nasal swab bacteriology by PCR during the first 24‐months of life: A prospective birth cohort study

Viruses associated with acute respiratory infection in a community‐based cohort of healthy New Zealand children

Bacterial colonization dynamics associated with respiratory syncytial virus during early childhood

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