Virus Transmission by Subcutaneous Jet Injection

Brink, P. R. G.; Loon, M. Van; Trommelen, Jorn; Gribnau, W. J.; Smale-Novakova, I. R. O.

doi:10.1099/00222615-20-3-393

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…TCI appears to offer a new method for the delivery of vaccines, with special advantages for multiple boosting immunizations or multivalent-vaccine delivery. TCI may avoid the need for sterile techniques and equipment and highly trained personnel, thereby circumventing the problems of blood-borne spread of disease from the reuse of both needles and jet injectors (1)(2)(3)35) and decreasing the barriers to immunization. Intradermal injection and jet injector systems, which can achieve immune responses superior to that produced by the intramuscular route (27,34), presumably target anatomical sites which are similar to those targeted by TCI, suggesting that TCI may be an immunologically sound approach to vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

et al. 1999

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Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a new technique that uses the application of vaccine antigens in a solution on the skin to induce potent antibody responses without systemic or local toxicity. We have previously shown that cholera toxin (CT), a potent adjuvant for oral and nasal immunization, can induce both serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA and protect against toxin-mediated mucosal disease when administered by the transcutaneous route. Additionally, CT acts as an adjuvant for coadministered antigens such as tetanus and diphtheria toxoids when applied to the skin. CT, a member of the bacterial ADP-ribosylating exotoxin (bARE) family, is most potent as an adjuvant when the A-B subunits are present and functional. We now show that TCI induces secondary antibody responses to coadministered antigens as well as to CT in response to boosting immunizations. IgG antibodies to coadministered antigens were also found in the stools and lung washes of immunized mice, suggesting that TCI may target mucosal pathogens. Mice immunized by the transcutaneous route with tetanus fragment C and CT developed anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies and were protected against systemic tetanus toxin challenge. We also show that bAREs, similarly organized as A-B subunits, as well as the B subunit of CT alone, induced antibody responses to themselves when given via TCI. Thus, TCI appears to induce potent, protective immune responses to both systemic and mucosal challenge and offers significant potential practical advantages for vaccine delivery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

et al. 1999

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“…Furthermore, the spacer helps to reduce pain sensitivity during injection and reduces the risk of cross-contamination. 41 …”

Section: Risks and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current trends in needle-free jet injection: an update

Barolet¹,

Benohanian²

2018

CCID

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BackgroundJet injection can be defined as a needle-free drug delivery method in which a high-speed stream of fluid impacts the skin and delivers a drug. Despite 75 years of existence, it never reached its full potential as a strategic tool to deliver medications through the skin.ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to evaluate and summarize the evolution of jet injection intradermal drug delivery method including technological advancements and new indications for use.MethodsA review of the literature was performed with no limits placed on publication date.ResultsNeedleless injectors not only reduce pain during drug delivery but also confine the drug more evenly in the dermis. Understanding skin properties of the injection site is a key factor to obtain optimal results as well as setting the right parameters of the jet injector. Until the advent of disposable jet injectors/cartridges, autoclaving of the injector remains the only reliable method to eliminate the risk of infection. Needle-free intradermal injection using corticosteroids and/or local anesthetics is well documented with promising indications being developed.LimitationsLimitations of the review include low-quality evidence, small sample sizes, varying treatment parameters, and publication bias.ConclusionNew developments may help reconsider the use of jet injection technology. Future studies should focus on measurable optimized parameters to insure a safe and effective outcome.

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“…Theoretically, there is no possibility of pathogens being transferred from animal to animal using this pathway. However, it has been documented in the past that certain devices can transfer pathogens due to liquid splashing back into the device as the low-pressure stream ceases 40,41 . It is likely that differences exist across devices due to different design mechanics and that not all devices are hence equal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of PRRSV-2 Vaccines Vaccination via Intramuscularly or Intradermally Routes and Evaluation of PRRSV Transmission and the Induction of Immune Response Between Needle- Free and Conventional Needle

Madapong

Saeng‐chuto

Tantituvanont

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Two separated experiments (Exp) were conducted to evaluate the shedding and efficacy of 2 modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 2 vaccines (MLV) when administered intramuscularly (IM) or intradermally (ID) (Exp A), and the potential of PRRSV transmission using a needle-free device (Exp B). 154, castrated-male, pigs were procured from a PRRSV-free herd. In Exp A, 112 pigs were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 21 pigs including IM/Ingelvac MLV (G1), IM/Prime Pac (G2), ID/Prime Pac (G3), and non-vaccination (G4). G1 was IM vaccinated once with Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Ing) (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany). G2 and G3 were IM and ID vaccinated once with Prime Pac PRRS (PP) (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands), respectively. Following vaccination, an antibody response, IFN-γ-SC, and IL-10 were monitored. Sera, tonsils, nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), urines, and feces were collected from 3 vaccinated pigs each week to 42 days post-vaccination (DPV) and assayed for the presence of PRRSV using virus isolation and PCR. Age-matched sentinels were introduced weekly into vaccinated groups from 0 to 42 DPV and monitored for seroconversion. In Exp B, pigs were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 3 pigs each including IM/High (T1), ID/High (T2), IM/Low (T3), ID/Low (T4), and NoChal. The T1 and T2, and T3 and T4 groups were intranasally challenged with HP-PRRSV-2 at high (106) and low (103 TCID50/ml) doses, respectively. At 7 days post-challenge (DPC), T1 and T2, and T3 and T4 groups were IM and ID injected with Diluvac Forte using needles and a needless device (IDAL 3G, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands), respectively. Same needles or devices were used to inject the same volume of Diluvac Forte into sentinel pigs. Seroconversion of sentinels was evaluated. The results demonstrated that PP vaccinated groups (G2 and G3), regardless of the route of vaccination, had ELISA response significantly lower than G1 at 7 and 14 DPV. PP-vaccinated groups (G2 and G3) had significantly higher IFN-γ-SC and lower IL-10 compared to the Ing-vaccinated group (G1). Based on IM, 2 different MLV had different virus distribution and shedding patterns. PP-vaccinated pigs had significantly shortened viremia than the Ing-vaccinated pigs. However, ID-vaccinated pigs had lower virus distribution in organs without virus shedding to sentinel pigs. In Exp B, ID-injected sentinel pigs had no seroconversion compared to IM-injected sentinel pigs regardless of the challenge dose. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that ID vaccination might represent an alternative to improve vaccine efficacy and safety, and may be able to reduce the shedding of vaccine viruses and reduce the iatrogenic transfer of pathogens between animals with shared needles.

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Virus Transmission by Subcutaneous Jet Injection

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

Transcutaneous Immunization with Bacterial ADP-Ribosylating Exotoxins as Antigens and Adjuvants

Current trends in needle-free jet injection: an update

Safety of PRRSV-2 Vaccines Vaccination via Intramuscularly or Intradermally Routes and Evaluation of PRRSV Transmission and the Induction of Immune Response Between Needle- Free and Conventional Needle

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