Virus Photoinactivation in Stroma-free Hemoglobin with Methylene Blue or 1,9-dimethylmethylene Blue

Abstract

Photoinactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in stroma‐free hemoglobin (SFH) was carried out using methylene blue (MB) or 1,9‐dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB). The VSV was more sensitive to inactivation by 660 nm light with 1 μM DMMB than with the same concentration of MB. Under conditions that inactivated 6 log10 of VSV, the methemoglobin content (Met‐Hb[%]) and P50 of hemoglobin were changed by 1 μM MB phototreatment but were not changed by 1 μM DMMB phototreatment. The migration of hemoglobin during electophoresis and the activity of superoxide dismutase were not changed by MB or DMMB phototreatment. In contrast to the results obtained with DMMB at 660 nm, 580 nm irradiation of SFH with DMMB resulted in a significant increase of Met‐Hb(%) under conditions that only inactivated 1.19 log10 VSV. The 580 nm irradiation primarily activates the dimer and higher‐order aggregates of the dyes, while 660 nm irradiation primarily activates the monomer. These results indicate that the monomer form of DMMB can effectively inactivate viruses without damage to SFH.

Glutaraldehyde inactivation of enveloped DNA viruses in the preparation of haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

“…In the case of ultraviolet radiation, which is unable to penetrate the Hb solution easily, the use of excessive exposure intensity can also lead to the production of methaemoglobin [11]. Studies on virus photoinactivation methods using photosensitizers, such as phenothiazine or phthalocyanine dyes, have shown promising results for the sterilization of HBOCs [12,13]. However, the process of inactivation can increase methaemoglobin and decrease P50.…”