Virus-like Particles‑Application in Nano Vaccines: A Review

Abstract

Nanomaterials are increasingly applied to develop new vaccines with new strategies. Implementation of such substances in vaccines will enhance vaccine formula immunogenicity, target delivery, and antigen stability control release. Genetically engineered virus-like particles (VLPs), structurally mimic the viruses and had been successfully used as nano vaccines. VLPs-based vaccines possess the advantage of being safe, effective, and non-infectious. Moreover, due to the optimized nano-size and repetitive structural units of the VLPs, it is suspected that those particles are highly immunogenic, even in absence of adjuvant substances. VLPs could be formulated to carry an array of heterogeneous antigens of different viruses. For all, they are considered as ideal nano vaccine model.

The Intellectual Landscape of Nanovaccines: A Bibliometric Perspective on Scientific Progress and Future Directions

“…Nanovaccines represent a pivotal advancement in the field of immunization, utilizing the novel properties of nanoscale materials to enhance vaccine efficacy, safety, and delivery [1][2][3][4]. By engineering particles at the nanometer scale, akin to the size of viruses and small molecules, scientists can precisely target and stimulate the immune system in unprecedented ways [5][6][7].…”