Virus Diseases

Stevens, Mark I.; and, Hsing-Yeh Liu; Lemaire, Olivier

doi:10.1002/9780470751114.ch11

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…These viruses are vectored by two aphid species, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and, to a lesser extent, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). 3,4 Although these two aphids remain infected with these viruses for their whole lifespan, beet yellows virus (BYV), a semi-persistent Closterovirus, is more damaging to UK agriculture even though it only persists within the aphid host for a matter of days. 3,4 Again, the main vector is M. persicae, but the aphid Aphis fabae (Scopoli) can also contribute to BYV transmission, acquiring the virus within a minimum of five minutes of feeding on an infected host, although the probability of successful transmission increases with time spent feeding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 Although these two aphids remain infected with these viruses for their whole lifespan, beet yellows virus (BYV), a semi-persistent Closterovirus, is more damaging to UK agriculture even though it only persists within the aphid host for a matter of days. 3,4 Again, the main vector is M. persicae, but the aphid Aphis fabae (Scopoli) can also contribute to BYV transmission, acquiring the virus within a minimum of five minutes of feeding on an infected host, although the probability of successful transmission increases with time spent feeding. 6,7 VY impact on sugar beet production has been intensely studied since the 1950s, but disease vector control was limited until the 1990s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In England, 100 000 ha of arable land produces 8 million tons of beet annually, meeting more than half of domestic sugar demand 2 . However, in both the UK and across the EU, yields are threatened by virus yellows (VY), a disease of sugar beet that comprises a complex of Polerovirus and Closterovirus types that decrease the ability of the infected leaf to photosynthesize, therefore reducing sugar yield 3,4 . VY infection begins when aphids vector the virus through the leaf tissues following seedling emergence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying inherent predictability and spatial synchrony in the aphid vector Myzus persicae: field‐scale patterns of abundance and regional forecasting error in the UK

Bell

Clark

Stevens

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUNDSugar beet is threatened by virus yellows, a disease complex vectored by aphids that reduces sugar content. We present an analysis of Myzus persicae population dynamics with and without neonicotinoid seed treatment. We use six years' yellow water trap and field-collected aphid data and two decades of 12.2 m suction-trap aphid migration data. We investigate both spatial synchrony and forecasting error to understand the structure and spatial scale of field counts and why forecasting aphid migrants lacks accuracy. Our aim is to derive statistical parameters to inform regionwide pest management strategies. RESULTSSpatial synchrony, indicating the coincident change in counts across the region over time, is rarely present and is best described as stochastic. Uniquely, early season field populations in 2019 did show spatial synchrony to 90 km compared to the overall average weekly correlation length of 23 km. However, 70% of the time series were spatially heterogenous, indicating patchy between-field dynamics. Field counts lacked the same seasonal trend and did not peak in the same week. Forecasts tended to under-predict mid-season log 10 counts. A strongly negative correlation between forecasting error and the proportion of zeros was shown. CONCLUSIONField populations are unpredictable and stochastic, regardless of neonicotinoid seed treatment. This outcome presents a problem for decision-support that cannot usefully provide a single regionwide solution. Weighted permutation entropy inferred that M. persicae 12.2 m suction-trap time series had moderate to low intrinsic predictability. Early warning using a migration model tended to predict counts at lower levels than observed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantifying inherent predictability and spatial synchrony in the aphid vector Myzus persicae: field‐scale patterns of abundance and regional forecasting error in the UK

Bell

Clark

Stevens

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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“…could also be introduced to a similar system and work on a range of either temperate and tropical crop species that suffer damaging levels of crop losses, such as carrots, wheat, potatoes and maize 34 . There is also scope to substitute the soil‐based pathogens for others of sugar beet, such as Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, commonly referred to as rhizomania, 35 or root fungi e.g. violet root rot caused by Rhizoctonia crocorum 36 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new method to validate and compare varietal resistance and yield tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) against the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtiiSchmidt

Wright

Stevens

Back

et al. 2022

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt is a global threat to sugar beet crops, and is found in every major sugar beet growing region. Annual losses due to this nematode can be severe, being estimated at €90 m in Europe alone in the 1990s. Fortunately tolerant, resistant and partially resistant varieties have since been introduced which help to limit yield loss and are now widely being deployed in infested fields. However, understanding yield performance of these varieties has been difficult, especially when variety testing programmes usually require uninfested fields. RESULTS: For the first time, and in a standardised manner, we can now assess simultaneously the resistance of different varieties to BCN and their actual yield tolerance, by comparing them to varieties grown in uninfested micro-plots alongside those which are infested. This method provides new insights on variety yield performance and nematode reproduction over an entire growing season. In addition, the investigations are also been able to detect significant physiological differences in the development and growth of the tolerant varieties' canopies and leaf chlorophyll levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are of direct benefit to sugar beet growers challenged by BCN. The standardised testing provides new information on predicted variety performance. We found that these tests are justified, as not all tolerant varieties respond in the same manner to nematode infestation. Therefore, these assessments will become a vital part of variety testing for sugar beet growers, allowing for tailored deployment of variety types and more informed decision making on-farm, helping to maximise yields whilst minimising nematode damage.

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“…In severely infected plants, the tap root and lateral roots become necrotic and die, and the vascular tissue develops a pale brown colouration (Brunt and Richards, 1989). In most cases, it is this damage to the roots that causes the foliar symptoms through reduced nutrient uptake (Stevens et al ., 2006), but, in rare circumstances, BNYVV infection becomes systemic and the leaves show a variety of symptoms, including yellowing, crinkling, wilting and vein yellowing (Fig. 1d) that gives the virus its name (Tamada, 2002; Tamada and Baba, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress towards the understanding and control of sugar beet rhizomania disease

McGrann

Grimmer

Mutasa-Göttgens

et al. 2009

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Rhizomania is a soil-borne disease that occurs throughout the major sugar beet growing regions of the world, causing severe yield losses in the absence of effective control measures. It is caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), which is transmitted by the obligate root-infecting parasite Polymyxa betae. BNYVV has a multipartite RNA genome with all natural isolates containing four RNA species, although some isolates have a fifth RNA. The larger RNA1 and RNA2 contain the housekeeping genes of the virus and are always required for infection, whereas the smaller RNAs are involved in pathogenicity and vector transmission. RNA5-containing isolates are restricted to Asia and some parts of Europe, and these isolates tend to be more aggressive. With no acceptable pesticides available to restrict the vector, the control of rhizomania is now achieved almost exclusively through the use of resistant cultivars. A single dominant resistance gene, Rz1, has been used to manage the disease worldwide in recent years, although this gene confers only partial resistance. More recently, new variants of BNYVV have evolved (both with and without RNA5) that are able to cause significant yield penalties on resistant cultivars. These isolates are not yet widespread, but their appearance has resulted in accelerated searches for new sources of resistance to both the virus and the vector. Combined virus and vector resistance, achieved either by conventional or transgenic breeding, offers the sugar beet industry a new approach in its continuing struggle against rhizomania.

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Virus Diseases

Cited by 17 publications

References 147 publications

Quantifying inherent predictability and spatial synchrony in the aphid vector Myzus persicae: field‐scale patterns of abundance and regional forecasting error in the UK

Quantifying inherent predictability and spatial synchrony in the aphid vector Myzus persicae: field‐scale patterns of abundance and regional forecasting error in the UK

A new method to validate and compare varietal resistance and yield tolerance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) against the beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtiiSchmidt

Progress towards the understanding and control of sugar beet rhizomania disease

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