Virulence Regulation and Innate Host Response in the Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae

Ramamurthy, Thandavarayan; Nandy, Ranjan K.; Mukhopadhyay, Asish K.; Mutreja, Ankur; Okamoto, Keinosuke; Miyoshi, Shin Ichi; Nair, G. Balakrish; Ghosh, Amit

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.572096

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

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“…Several virulence factors are thought to be related to the toxicity of V. cholerae ( Figueroa-Arredondo et al, 2001 ; Ramamurthy et al, 2020 ), therefore, we searched these genes in 3 NAG strains isolated ( Table 3 ). These virulence factors (such as zot encoding zonula occludens toxin, ace encoding accessory cholera enterotoxin, hapA encoding hemagglutinin, and hlyA encoding pore forming cytotoxin) were well conserved in all NAG strains examined ( Table 3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The regulatory genes examined were toxT , toxRS, tcpPH , and hapR . These gene products were reported to be involved in the expression of virulence genes, especially in the expression of ctx genes ( Skorupski and Taylor, 1997 ; Ramamurthy et al, 2020 ). As shown in Table 3 , all genes were highly conserved (98.0–100% homology) in the genome of all strains examined, and there were no nonsense mutation and no frameshift mutation in these genes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virulence of Cholera Toxin Gene-Positive Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/non-O139 Strains Isolated From Environmental Water in Kolkata, India

et al. 2021

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Cholera toxin (CT)-producing Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 cause acute diarrheal disease and are proven etiological agents of cholera epidemics and pandemics. On the other hand, V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 are designated as non-agglutinable (NAG) vibrios and are not associated with epidemic cholera. The majority of NAG vibrios do not possess the gene for CT (ctx). In this study, we isolated three NAG strains (strains No. 1, 2, and 3) with ctx from pond water in Kolkata, India, and examined their pathogenic properties. The enterotoxicity of the three NAG strains in vivo was examined using the rabbit ileal intestinal loop test. Strain No. 1 induced the accumulation of fluid in the loop, and the volume of fluid was reduced by simultaneous administration of anti-CT antiserum into the loop. The volume of fluid in the loop caused by strains No. 2 and 3 was small and undetectable, respectively. Then, we cultured these three strains in liquid medium in vitro at two temperatures, 25°C and 37°C, and examined the amount of CT accumulated in the culture supernatant. CT was accumulated in the culture supernatant of strain No.1 when the strain was cultured at 25°C, but that was low when cultured at 37°C. The CT amount accumulated in the culture supernatants of the No. 2 and No. 3 strains was extremely low at both temperature under culture conditions examined. In order to clarify the virulence properties of these strains, genome sequences of the three strains were analyzed. The analysis showed that there was no noticeable difference among three isolates both in the genes for virulence factors and regulatory genes of ctx. However, vibrio seventh pandemic island-II (VSP-II) was retained in strain No. 1, but not in strains No. 2 or 3. Furthermore, it was revealed that the genotype of the B subunit of CT in strain No. 1 was type 1 and those of strains No. 2 and 3 were type 8. Histopathological examination showed the disappearance of villi in intestinal tissue exposed to strain No. 1. In addition, fluid accumulated in the loop due to the action of strain No. 1 had hemolytic activity. This indicated that strain No. 1 may possesses virulence factors to induce severe syndrome when the strain infects humans, and that some strains of NAG vibrio inhabiting pond water in Kolkata have already acquired virulence, which can cause illness in humans. There is a possibility that these virulent NAG vibrios, which have acquired genes encoding factors involved in virulence of V. cholerae O1, may emerge in various parts of the world and cause epidemics in the future.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of Cholera Toxin Gene-Positive Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/non-O139 Strains Isolated From Environmental Water in Kolkata, India

et al. 2021

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“…Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that causes watery diarrhea in the host. The cholera toxins, adnexa cholera toxin and closed band toxin produced by V. cholerae cause activation of anion secretion, inhibit absorption of electroneutral NaCl, destroy intestinal barrier function, and cause severe diarrhea ( Ramamurthy et al., 2020 ). The serotypes O1 and O139 of V. cholerae strains with two main virulence genomes: cholera toxin (CT) and pathogenic toxin colonies cause an acute watery diarrhea ( Ogura et al., 2020 ).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota-mediated Diarrhea and Its Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota and Diarrhea: An Updated Review

Xia

Jiang

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

115

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Diarrhea is a common problem to the whole world and the occurrence of diarrhea is highly associated with gut microbiota, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Generally, diarrheal patients or animals are characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis and pathogen infections may lead to diarrheal phenotypes. Of relevance, reprograming gut microbiota communities by dietary probiotics or fecal bacteria transplantation are widely introduced to treat or prevent diarrhea. In this review, we discussed the influence of the gut microbiota in the infection of diarrhea pathogens, and updated the research of reshaping the gut microbiota to prevent or treat diarrhea for the past few years. Together, gut microbiota manipulation is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of diarrhea, and further insight into the function of the gut microbiota will help to discover more anti-diarrhea probiotics.

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“…Therefore, Vibriosis has caused significant impacts on human health and the development of aquaculture [68][69][70]. The pathogenicity of Vibrio is determined by multiple virulence factors encoded by its virulence genes [71][72][73][74]. Vibrio infects and destroys the host through a series of processes, including adhesion, invasion, immune escape, in vivo proliferation and production of toxins [46].…”

Section: Pathogenicity Of Vibriomentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Change and Pathogenicity ofVibrio

Huang¹,

Gao²,

Zhang³

et al. 2021

Infections and Sepsis Development

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Vibrio is a rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria, which is widely distributed in marine and estuarine environments worldwide. It is an important component of the aquatic ecosystem and plays an important role in biogeochemical cycle. Its population dynamics are usually affected by climate and seasonal factors. Most of the Vibrios in the environment are not pathogenic, but some of them are pathogenic bacteria for human and animal, such as Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio anguillarum, etc., which are generally reported to be related to aquatic animal diseases and human food-borne diseases. Over the last couple of years, due to the influence of the rising seawater temperature and climate change, the incidence of diseases caused by Vibrio infection has increased significantly, which poses a great threat to human health and aquaculture. The research on pathogenic Vibrio has attracted more and more attention. The abundance and community changes of Vibrio in the environment are usually controlled by many biological and abiotic factors. The Vibrio pathogenicity is related to the virulence factors encoded by virulence genes. The process of Vibrio infecting the host and causing host disease is determined by multiple virulence factors acting together, instead of being determined by a single virulence factor. In this chapter, community changes of Vibrio, as well as the virulence factors of Vibrio and the related virulence genes of Vibiro are summarized, and their important roles in Vibrio infection are also discussed.

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Virulence Regulation and Innate Host Response in the Pathogenicity of Vibrio cholerae

Cited by 50 publications

References 157 publications

Virulence of Cholera Toxin Gene-Positive Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/non-O139 Strains Isolated From Environmental Water in Kolkata, India

Virulence of Cholera Toxin Gene-Positive Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/non-O139 Strains Isolated From Environmental Water in Kolkata, India

Gut Microbiota and Diarrhea: An Updated Review

Community Change and Pathogenicity ofVibrio

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