Virulence of Three Distinct<i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>Isolates for Healthy Adults

Okhuysen, Pablo C.; Chappell, Cynthia L.; Crabb, Joseph H.; Sterling, Charles R.; DuPont, Herbert L.

doi:10.1086/315033

Cited by 417 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Table 1 show that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the present study (57%) was close to 52.2% reported by Hasan et al (2010) in Iraq and to others reported by many researchers in different countries: 59% in USA (Okhuysen, et al, 1999), 55% in Czech Republic (Kvac and Vitovec, 2003), 54.5% in Tanzania (Swai and Schoonman, 2010), and 56% in Myanmar (Bawm et al, 2014). The high estimation of prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cattle and their Breeders

Hussin¹,

Khalaf²,

Ali³

2016

J. Anim. Health Prod.

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| A study was conducted to identify the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. as well as to investigate the effect of the region, age and sex on the infection rate in cattle and their breeders. A total of 288 samples (200 samples for cattle and 88 samples for their breeders) were collected during November 2014 to May 2015. Results showed a significant difference in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle (57%) and their breeders (32.95%). The effect of age on infection rate in cattle was significant (P<0.01). The highest infection rate (75.68%) was shown in the early age category (less than 1 year), while the lowest (43.47%) was found in age ≥6 years. In general, the infection rate dropped gradually with advanced age until reached the lowest estimation in the older age (≥6 years). On the other hand, the effects of region and sex were not significant. Concerning the cattle breeders all studied effects were not significant.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cattle and their Breeders

Hussin¹,

Khalaf²,

Ali³

2016

J. Anim. Health Prod.

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“…[30][31][32][33] Increased numbers of cases of C. parvum infection in Fortaleza and Lusaka during the rainy season were associated with contaminated drinking water supplied to these population, 3,6 but source of drinking water and mode of water disinfection were not associated with the odds of C. parvum infection among our study population. Because the 50% infectious dose is relatively low for C. parvum, ranging from approximately 10 to 1,000 for healthy humans, 34 oocysts could be transmitted through low levels of contaminated water or food, followed by person-to-person transmission, especially among household members. Food-borne C. parvum infection has been transmitted through ingestion of freshpressed apple cider, and risk factors for food-borne transmission have had been reported for consumption of stored cooked food, fresh sausages, offal, and raw milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-familial and extra-familial risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.

Pereira¹,

Atwill²,

Barbosa³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.A cross-sectional study was conducted for assessing the prevalence of and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrheic children who were hospitalized in Goiânia, capital of Goiás State in Brazil. A crude prevalence of 14.4% (64 of 445) was observed using a direct immunfluorescent assay (DFA), but the true prevalence was 18.7% (83 of 445) when a gold standard of immunomagnetic separation was used in combination with the DFA. Infection was more predominant in children less than 24 months old (odds ratio [OR] ‫ס‬ 0.50, 90% confidence interval [CI] ‫ס‬ 0.36-0.68, P ‫ס‬ 0.0001), and males were 2.2 times more at risk for infection when compared with females (OR ‫ס‬ 2.2, 90% CI ‫ס‬ 0.13-3.8, P ‫ס‬ 0.01). The socioeconomic, intra-familial, and environmental factors associated with cryptosporidiosis were day care attendance, household children with diarrhea up to 30 days prior to the interview, contact with surface water within past 30 days prior to the interview, dwelling distance from a body of water, and the late rainy season (P < 0.10). C. parvum was not associated with the parent's occupation, household sleeping arrangements, number of caregivers, breast-fed children, diet and type of food hygiene, source and type of treatment of drinking water, presence of sewage, and animal exposure (P > 0.10). Although weight was not found to be associated with infection, children infected with C. parvum weighed on average 2.0% less than children not infected with C. parvum (P > 0.10). Thus, C. parvum is an important etiologic agent of childhood diarrhea and should be identified in routine parasitologic tests of diarrheal stool samples.

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“…Human disease has been traditionally attributed to Cryptosporidium parvum but it was apparent from both the early epidemiological questions raised regarding the zoonotic status and transmission of the organism that variants occurred. Animal infectivity studies in the 1980s demonstrated that infective dose sizes and clinical responses varied between isolates (Fayer & Ungar, 1986;Pozio et al, 1992) and human infectivity studies have demonstrated differences in ID 50, attack rate, pre-patent period, duration of disease, and frequency of stools between three different C. parvum isolates (IOWA, TAMU and UCP) (Okhuysen et al, 1999). Phenotypic analysis focussing on protein, antigenic and isoenzyme diversity showed that differences were consistent with other biological and/or epidemiological data and "animal types" and "human types" were suggested by McDonald and Awad-el-Kariem in 1995.…”

Section: Th Emop August 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

2008

Parasite

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Summary :The burden of disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is unknown. However, routine laboratory diagnosis and surveillance enables the basic epidemiology to be described, changes to be monitored and under-ascertainment to be measured. Although the two main species involved in human disease in developed countries, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, have differing epidemiologies and risk factors, national surveillance is generally from isolates identified to the genus level only. Enhancing the data by typing, at least to identify the isolates to the species level, removes some of the noise generated and better identifies the risks than when reports are not species-specific. This level of identification is also valuable for outbreak investigations, but further investigation of the population genetics of C. parvum and C. hominis is required for the development of more readily applied subtyping tools.

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Virulence of Three DistinctCryptosporidium parvumIsolates for Healthy Adults

Cited by 417 publications

References 44 publications

Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cattle and their Breeders

Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cattle and their Breeders

Intra-familial and extra-familial risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

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