Virulence of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Fertile Crescent

Bouhssini, Mustapha El; Chen, M.; Lhaloui, S.; Zharmukhamedova, Galiya A.; Rihawi, F.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01339.x

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The Near East is the center of origin of wheat and its ancestors (Salamini et al 2002, Devos 2010 and also seems to be the center of origin of the Hessian ßy (Barnes 1956). Today this region contains some of the worldÕs most virulent Hessian ßy populations (El Bousshini et al 2008) and also contains many host and nonhost grass species. If H genes have no costs, they may have played a role in the evolution of durable nonhost resistance (Heath 2000), evidence for this coming from nonhost grasses that are closely related to host grasses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For highly effective resistance genes that have not yet been deployed, deployment through stacking is probably a better use of the gene than serial deployment (Gould 1986(Gould , 1998. One such gene is H26, which is effective against all known Hessian ßy populations, including the worldÕs most virulent populations (El Bousshini et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No Fitness Cost for Wheat's H Gene-Mediated Resistance to Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Anderson¹,

Kang²,

Reber³

et al. 2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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Resistance (R) genes have a proven record for protecting plants against biotic stress. A problem is parasite adaptation via Avirulence (Avr) mutations, which allows the parasite to colonize the R gene plant. Scientists hope to make R genes more durable by stacking them in a single cultivar. However, stacking assumes that R gene-mediated resistance has no fitness cost for the plant. We tested this assumption for wheat's resistance to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Our study included ten plant fitness measures and four wheat genotypes, one susceptible, and three expressing either the H6, H9, or H13 resistance gene. Because R gene-mediated resistance has two components, we measured two types of costs: the cost of the constitutively-expressed H gene, which functions in plant surveillance, and the cost of the downstream induced responses, which were triggered by Hessian fly larvae rather than a chemical elicitor. For the constitutively expressed Hgene, some measures indicated costs, but a greater number of measures indicated benefits of simply expressing the H gene. For the induced resistance, instead of costs, resistant plants showed benefits of being attacked. Resistant plants were more likely to survive attack than susceptible plants, and surviving resistant plants produced higher yield and quality. We discuss why resistance to the Hessian fly has little or no cost and propose that tolerance is important, with compensatory growth occurring after H gene-mediated resistance kills the larva. We end with a caution: Given that plants were given good growing conditions, fitness costs may be found under conditions of greater biotic or abiotic stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Fitness Cost for Wheat's H Gene-Mediated Resistance to Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Anderson¹,

Kang²,

Reber³

et al. 2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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“…Previous reports from North Africa indicated that H11 and H13 genes were resistant to Tunisian Hessian fly (Bouktila et al, 2005) Bouhssini et al, 1999;Lhaloui et al, 2000). In West Asia, two resistance genes, H25 and H26, have recently been reported to be effective against Hessian fly populations from Syria (El Bouhssini et al, 2009). Besides, a recent virulence analysis reported that H13, H21, H25, H26 and Hdic were the most effective genes against three Hessian fly populations, namely Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, in USA .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), Populations in the North of Tunisia: Virulence, Yield Loss Assessment and Phenological Data

Makni

Bouktila

Mezghani

et al. 2011

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), is a destructive pest of wheat worldwide and an endemic pest in Tunisia. Two natural populations of this insect from the North of Tunisia were evaluated, in the field, for their virulence, based on response developed by bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars carrying H3, H5, H6, H7H8, H11, H13 and H16 resistance genes. H11, H13 and H16 showed a high effectiveness against both populations; therefore, their implication in Hessian fly breeding programs would be of interest. The level of infestation, as well as the yield loss, was assessed, based on the percentage of infested plants and variation in growth parameters due to infestation. The percentage of infested plants, over a 2-yr period in Mateur, averaged 18.82% for durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) and 32.50% for bread wheat. For the improved durum wheat cv. Karim used as reference, the plant height, number of internodes, number of productive tillers per plant, and 100-seed weight were negatively affected by infestation, while the number of tillers per plant was positively affected. Aiming to update information about the annual number of the fly generations occurring on wheat, we surveyed infestation in Jédéida. At least three Hessian fly generations were detected on bread wheat and durum wheat. Continued regular surveying of Hessian fly populations in terms of virulence, impact on yield and annual generations is required for optimal deployment of resistance genes and integrated management of Hessian fly across all wheat production areas.

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“…But, here there is question: Is the evolution of Hessian ßy virulence driven solely by H gene deployment in agriculture or does it also occur outside of agriculture? Support for the latter hypothesis comes from the biotype composition of the worldÕs Hessian ßy populations: populations in regions with no history of de- ploying H genes often have high frequencies of virulence (Harris 1993;Ratcliffe et al 1994Ratcliffe et al , 2000El Bouhssini et al 2008;Chen et al 2009). Explanations for these high virulence frequencies are 1) unintended deployment of H genes in wheat cultivars resulting in unknown exposure of Hessian ßy populations; or 2) selection of avirulence genes via H genes present in wild hosts, with this creating preadapted populations that survive when the H gene is deployed in agriculture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fitness costs have not been investigated for the Hessian ßy, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Ce-cidomyiidae), managed by gene-for-gene plant resistance mediated by H genes (Barnes 1956, Gould 1986, Ratcliffe and Hatchett 1997, Berzonsky et al 2003, El Bouhssini et al 2008, Porter et al 2009). The Hessian ßy is one of the worldÕs most important pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Reproductive Fitness Cost Associated With Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Virulence to Wheat's H Gene-Mediated Resistance

Zhang¹,

Anderson²,

Reber³

et al. 2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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We studied whether adaptation of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), to plant resistance incurs fitness costs. In this gene-for-gene interaction, adaptation to a single H resistance gene occurs via loss of a single effector encoded by an Avirulence gene. By losing the effector, the adapted larva now survives on the H gene plant, presumably because it evades the plant's H gene-mediated surveillance system. The problem is the Hessian fly larva needs its effectors for colonization. Thus, for adapted individuals, there may be a cost for losing the effector, with this then creating a trade-off between surviving on H-resistant plants and growing on plants that lack H genes. In two different tests, we used wheat lacking H genes to compare the survival and growth of a nonadapted strain to two H-adapted strains. The two adapted strains differed in that one had been selected for adaptation to H9, whereas the other strain had been selected for adaptation to H13. Tests showed that two H-adapted strains were similar to the nonadapted strain in egg-to-adult survival but that they differed in producing adults with smaller wings. By using known relationships between wing length and reproductive potential, we found that losses in wing length underestimate losses in reproductive potential. For example, H9- and H13-adapted females had 9 and 3% wing losses, respectively, but they were estimated to have 32 and 12% losses in egg production. Fitness costs of adaptation will be investigated further via selection experiments comparing Avirulence allele frequencies for Hessian fly populations exposed or not exposed to H genes.

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Virulence of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Fertile Crescent

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

No Fitness Cost for Wheat's <I>H</I> Gene-Mediated Resistance to Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

No Fitness Cost for Wheat's <I>H</I> Gene-Mediated Resistance to Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), Populations in the North of Tunisia: Virulence, Yield Loss Assessment and Phenological Data

A Reproductive Fitness Cost Associated With Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Virulence to Wheat's <I>H</I> Gene-Mediated Resistance

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