Virulence gene profiles of Arcobacter species isolated from animals, foods of animal origin, and humans in Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract

Aim::This study aimed to detect putative virulence genes in Arcobacter species of animal and human origin.Materials and Methods::A total of 41 Arcobacter isolates (16 Arcobacter butzleri, 13 Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and 12 Arcobacter skirrowii) isolated from diverse sources such as fecal swabs of livestock (21), raw foods of animal origin (13), and human stool samples (7) were subjected to a set of six uniplex polymerase chain reaction assays targeting Arcobacter putative virulence genes (ciaB, pldA, tlyA, mviN, cadF, and cj1349).Results::All the six virulence genes were detected among all the 16 A. butzleri isolates. Among the 13 A. cryaerophilus isolates, cadF, ciaB, cj1349, mviN, pldA, and tlyA genes were detected in 61.5, 84.6, 76.9, 76.9, 61.5, and 61.5% of isolates, respectively. Among the 12 A. skirrowii isolates, cadF, ciaB, cj1349, mviN, pldA, and tlyA genes were detected in 50.0, 91.6, 83.3, 66.6, 50, and 50% of isolates, respectively.Conclusion::Putative virulence genes were detected in majority of the Arcobacter isolates examined. The results signify the potential of Arcobacter species as an emerging foodborne pathogen.

Characterization of Arcobacter strains isolated from human stool samples: results from the prospective German prevalence study Arcopath

“…Furthermore, we detected cadF in 40% of isolates, which is in concordance with other studies reporting the presence of cadF in 10-62% of isolates [25,26,[28][29][30]]. While we were not able to detect any further virulence genes in A. cryaerophilus, other studies have reported the presence of cj1349 in 20-77% of isolates [25,26,[28][29][30], and also the genes hecB, hecA, and irgA were identified more often than in our study [25]. These differences might be due to the genomic heterogeneity in primer binding sequences.…”

“…Our study revealed the abundance of ten putative virulence genes with homologies to virulence factors of other bacteria, particularly C. jejuni. In agreement with our data, six of these genes, i.e., ciaB, cj1349, cadF, tlyA, pldA, and mviN, have been detected most frequently in A. butzleri strains isolated from various sources, with prevalences ranging from 66 to 100% [11,23,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. We found hecB, hecA and irgA less frequently and at lower rates as compared to other reports [11,23,25,27,29,31,32].…”

Genomic Analysis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Aliarcobacter cryaerophilus Strains From German Water Poultry

“…Here, only strain G18RTA carried all 14 virulence genes associated with adherence, invasion, and iron uptake. This is consistent with previous reports, as it is very rare to find all virulence genes in every A. cryaerophilus isolate (Zacharow et al, 2015;Sekhar et al, 2017;Brückner et al, FIGURE 5 | Predicted virulence-associated determinants in 44 A. cryaerophilus genomes including 4 capsule genes, 8 chemotaxis system genes, 31 flagellar genes, 33 type IV secretion system genes, and other virulence determinants genes. 2020).…”

Mixed Aetiology of Diarrhoea in Infants Attending Clinics in the North-West Province of South Africa: Potential for Sub-Optimal Treatment

“…In a previous study in South Africa, 6.5% of A. butzleri was reported [45]; additionally, percentages of 56.7% from diarrhoeic and 45.5% from non-diarrhoeic specimens were reported in Canada [56]. Virulence genes have been reported in A. butzleri in several studies [57][58][59].…”

“…The presence of these virulence genes in A. butzleri warranted the international commission of microbiological specification of foods (ICMSF) to categorize A. butzleri as a serious hazard to humans [59,60].…”