Virulence Gene Profile, Antimicrobial Resistance and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis from Chickens and Chicken Products

Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the virulence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular subtypes of Salmonella in the Central Region of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 45 Salmonella Enteritidis were detected from live chicken (cloacal swab), and chicken products (fresh and ready-to-eat meat) samples upon cultural isolation and serotyping. Similarly, an antimicrobial susceptibility test based on the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method as well as antimicrobial resistance AMR genes, virulence determinants and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) typing were conducted after the Whole Genome Sequencing and analysis of the isolates. The results indicate that sequence types ST1925 (63.7%), and ST11 (26.5%) were the predominant out of the seven sequence types identified (ST292, ST329, ST365, ST423 and ST2132). The phenotypic antimicrobial profile corresponds to the genotypic characterization in that the majority of the isolates that exhibited tetracycline, gentamycin and aminoglycoside resistance; they also possessed the tetC and blaTEM β-Lactam resistance genes. However, isolates from cloacal swabs showed the highest number of resistance genes compared to the chicken products (fresh and ready-to-eat meat) samples. Furthermore, most of the virulence genes were found to cluster in the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI). In this study, all the isolates were found to possess SPI-1, which codes for the type III secretion system, which functions as actin-binding proteins (SptP and SopE). The virulence plasmid (VP) genes (spvB, spvC) were present in all genotypes except ST365. The findings of this study, particularly with regard to the molecular subtypes and AMR profiles of the Salmonella Enteritidis serotype shows multidrug-resistance features as well as genetic characteristics indicative of high pathogenicity.

Determination of antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from chicken and human in Indonesia

“…The strain is a commonly found as a contaminant in food, particularly in chickens products, and has been implicated in various outbreaks within Malaysia in recent years. The increasing incidence of Salmonellosis in humans, primarily caused by the consumption of contamination chicken products, highlights the importance of investigating and understanding the potential role of chicken (both meat and meat products) in the transmission of Salmonella [6]. The findings from this study emphasize the urgent need for effective surveillance, prevention, and control measures to mitigate the spread of multidrug-resistant S. enteritidis strains.…”

How Misuse of Antimicrobial Agents Is Exacerbating the Challenges Facing Somalia’s Public Health

“…Antibiotics were generally used for treatment, prophylaxis and as additives in livestock feed to increase productivity. Despite the potential benefits associated with their usage in animal feed, the unregulated use and over-use have led to evolutionary changes and genetic selection of resistant strains, resulting in the emergence of drug resistance in animals (Musawa et al, 2020;Zakaria et al, 2020Zakaria et al, , 2021Zakaria et al, , 2022. By the nature of our interaction with animals as food sources and companionship, humans have increasingly become prone to contracting diseases caused by these resistant pathogens (Salihu et al, 2015;Abdulhaleem et al, 2019;Karim et al, 2021;).…”

Mobile genetic elements drive the multidrug resistance and spread of Salmonella serotypes along a poultry meat production line

“…By typifying the whole-genome, genetic “fingerprints” that are specific for each site and time of isolation can be generated in order to further evaluate the epidemiology of an outbreak based on variances and mutations. These characterizations of Salmonella genomes isolated from the production line have described genetic determinants that confer resistance and virulence ( de Melo et al, 2021 ; Mohamed et al, 2021 ; Zakaria et al, 2022 ). It is important to highlight that many of these determinants are present in mobile elements such as plasmids ( Aviv et al, 2014 ; Kürekci et al, 2021 ; Tyson et al, 2021 ), integrons ( Badouei et al, 2021 ), and transposons ( Galetti et al, 2021 ).…”