Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Czechowicz, Paulina; Nowicka, J; Gościniak, Grażyna

doi:10.3390/ijms23115895

Cited by 41 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(352 reference statements)

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“…The isolates of C. albicans are the most virulent and produce the most extracellular virulence factors; The expression of proteases, hemolysins, and esterases is correlated with the virulence of Candida isolates. 27 The expression of virulence factors among Candida species, may vary depending on the infecting species, geographical origin, type of infection, the site and stage of infection, and host reaction. 28 Studies like this can explore the colonizing newer emerging Candida species for example C. auris which is resistant to many antifungals can be identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Virulence Factor Production in Candida Species Colonizer Isolated from Diabetic Patients

Wasnik¹,

Wankhade²,

Wasnik³

2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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Candida is a yeast like fungus. It causes candidiasis which is a spectrum of disease from cutaneous, mucosal, systemic & multisystem dissemination. It is a coloniser of mucocutaneous surfaces of body but it is an opportunistic fungus causing severe type of infection. Objective of the study was to detect colonization of Candida species in diabetic patient & to detect virulence factors i.e., phospholipase, proteinase, esterase activity & homolysis activity in isolated strains of Candida from colonised diabetic patients. Throat swab and urine sample were collected from diabetic patients visiting the General Medicine OPD/Ward diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before six months and was submitted in microbiology department. Candida species were identified tested for production of virulence factors. Total 30 diabetes mellitus patients diagnosed 6 months before. In 41-65 years age groups, Candida colonization was found predominantly, 63% patients. Amongst these 78% had fasting sugar levels greater than the normal limits. The study revealed a strong correlation between higher fasting blood sugar levels and Candida colonization. The predominant isolate was Candida albicans in throat followed by Candida glabrata. Out of 27 Candida species isolates, 16 strains showed production of virulence factors. Amongst these 44 % (7/16) strains were positive for proteinase production, 38 % (6/16) were positive for esterase production, 13% (2/16) strains were positive for hemolysin and single strain (6%, 10/16) showed the production of phospholipase. The study concludes that Candida albicans was the predominant colonising species found followed by Candida glabrata in diabetic patients. Non-Candida albicans species can be seen as an emerging colonizing species in the diabetic patients and thereby are increasingly gaining clinical importance. Colonized or commensal Candida species showed in vitro production of virulence factor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Virulence Factor Production in Candida Species Colonizer Isolated from Diabetic Patients

Wasnik¹,

Wankhade²,

Wasnik³

2022

J. Pure Appl. Microbiol.

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“…In C. parapsilosis , five Als proteins are present on the surface of the pseudohyphae, and the ortholog CaAls7 has been described as a determinant for adhesion to host epithelial cells [ 47 , 48 ]. Other adhesion proteins and non-protein factors with similar properties, such as Eap1, Iff4, Mp65, Ecm33, Utr2, Int1, and Mnt1, have also been identified in Candida species; however, these have not been widely studied to date [ 49 ].…”

Section: Virulence Attributesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Candida parapsilosis Virulence and Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Key Determinants

Branco

Miranda

Rodrigues

2023

JoF

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Candida parapsilosis is the second most common Candida species isolated in Asia, Southern Europe, and Latin America and is often involved in invasive infections that seriously impact human health. This pathogen is part of the psilosis complex, which also includes Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis. C. parapsilosis infections are particularly prevalent among neonates with low birth weights, individuals who are immunocompromised, and patients who require prolonged use of a central venous catheter or other indwelling devices, whose surfaces C. parapsilosis exhibits an enhanced capacity to adhere to and form biofilms. Despite this well-acknowledged prevalence, the biology of C. parapsilosis has not been as extensively explored as that of Candida albicans. In this paper, we describe the molecular mechanistic pathways of virulence in C. parapsilosis and show how they differ from those of C. albicans. We also describe the mode of action of antifungal drugs used for the treatment of Candida infections, namely, polyenes, echinocandins, and azoles, as well as the resistance mechanisms developed by C. parapsilosis to overcome them. Finally, we stress the importance of the ongoing search for species-specific features that may aid the development of effective control strategies and thus reduce the burden on patients and healthcare costs.

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“…Then, Candida cells can invade the surface they have been attached to. The invasion is caused by the secretion of some hydrolytic enzymes, such as hemolysins, proteinases, and phospholipases, being the most studied secreted aspartyl proteases (SAP) [12]. Afterward, the biofilm matures, and during this phase, we can find both hyphal cells, pseudohyphae cells, and round yeast cells.…”

Section: Candida: Biofilm and Stages Of Biofilm Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Treatment Approach against Candida spp.: Evaluation of Antifungal and Antibiofilm In Vitro Activity of Dendritic Molecules

Gómez-Casanova¹,

Copa-Patiño²,

Heredero‐Bermejo³

2023

Candida and Candidiasis

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Infections caused by the genus Candida are a serious threat, especially in the sanitary field. These pathogens are able to generate biofilms, which is one of the main problems because they are difficult to eradicate and are associated with a high mortality rate. These biofilms provide Candida species with increased resistance to health care drugs and disinfectants. Currently, the resistance to antifungals is increasing gradually and there are few drugs accepted for clinical use capable of combating them, and, unfortunately, these substances are sometimes toxic at the effective doses required. Therefore, finding new molecules capable of preventing the formation of biofilms or eradicating them once generated is of vital importance. In addition, it is essential to know the appropriate techniques to evaluate a new compound, guaranteeing reliable and precise data. Studies with dendritic systems of cationic nature are recently being carried out, presenting interesting and encouraging results as antimicrobials, against cells cancer cells, surface activating agents, and encapsulation of antibiotic, among others. In this chapter, we will focus on its antifungal capacity, especially its antibiofilm activity against Candida spp.

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Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Cited by 41 publications

References 79 publications

Study of Virulence Factor Production in Candida Species Colonizer Isolated from Diabetic Patients

Study of Virulence Factor Production in Candida Species Colonizer Isolated from Diabetic Patients

Candida parapsilosis Virulence and Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review of Key Determinants

Novel Treatment Approach against Candida spp.: Evaluation of Antifungal and Antibiofilm In Vitro Activity of Dendritic Molecules

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