Virulence factors of Botrytis cinerea.

Nakajima, Masami; Akutsu, Katsumi

doi:10.3186/jjphytopath.80.s56

Cited by 18 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Genes affecting the virulence of B. cinerea have been functionally identified from those mediating secretion, penetration and host defence (Nakajima and Akutsu, ). Similar to other plant‐pathogenic fungi (Pollack et al ., ; Soanes et al ., ), which require autophagy for infection, blocking of autophagy in B. cinerea also led to a significantly reduced virulence on different host plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The autophagy‐related gene BcATG1 is involved in fungal development and pathogenesis in Botrytis cinerea

Ren

Zhang

Shao

et al. 2016

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Autophagy, a ubiquitous intracellular degradation process, is conserved from yeasts to humans. It serves as a major survival function during nutrient depletion stress and is crucial for correct growth and differentiation. In this study, we characterized an atg1 orthologue Bcatg1 in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays showed that the expression of BcATG1 was up-regulated under carbon or nitrogen starvation conditions. BcATG1 could functionally restore the survival defects of the yeast ATG1 mutant during nitrogen starvation. Deletion of BcATG1 (ΔBcatg1) inhibited autophagosome accumulation in the vacuoles of nitrogen-starved cells. ΔBcatg1 was dramatically impaired in vegetative growth, conidiation and sclerotial formation. In addition, most conidia of ΔBcatg1 lost the capacity to form the appressorium infection structure and failed to penetrate onion epidermis. Pathogenicity assays showed that the virulence of ΔBcatg1 on different host plant tissues was drastically impaired, which was consistent with its inability to form an appressorium. Moreover, lipid droplet accumulation was significantly reduced in the conidia of ΔBcatg1, but the glycerol content was increased. All of the defects of ΔBcatg1 were complemented by re-introduction of an intact copy of the wild-type BcATG1 into the mutant. These results indicate that BcATG1 plays a critical role in numerous developmental processes and is essential to the pathogenesis of B. cinerea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The autophagy‐related gene BcATG1 is involved in fungal development and pathogenesis in Botrytis cinerea

Ren

Zhang

Shao

et al. 2016

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…It is known that while some pathogens require the presence of wounds to infect, others such as Monilinia spp. can overcome this need and penetrate the plant cell wall by altering its composition (Nakajima & Akutsu, ). In the latter case, secretion of cell wall‐degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and, in particular, polysaccharide‐specific enzymes, constitute one of the virulence factors by which necrotrophic fungi colonize host tissues (Cantu et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pectin methyl esterases and rhamnogalacturonan hydrolases: weapons for successful Monilinia laxa infection in stone fruit?

Baró‐Montel¹,

Vall‐llaura²,

Usall³

et al. 2019

Plant Pathology

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The secretion of cell wall‐degrading enzymes is one of the mechanisms used by necrotrophic fungi to colonize host tissues. However, information about virulence factors of Monilinia spp., the causal agents of brown rot in stone fruit, is scarce. Plant cell walls have three main components that are broken down by fungal enzymes: cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. In order to identify Monilinia laxa candidate proteins involved in pectin hydrolysis, two in vitro approaches were conducted: (i) phenotypic and ecophysiological characterization of growth of the pathogen at different pHs, in glucose‐ and pectin‐containing solid media for 7 days' incubation; and (ii) expression analysis of genes encoding M. laxa pectin methyl esterases (MlPMEs) and rhamnogalacturonan hydrolases (MlRG‐HYDs) after incubation for 0.5, 2, 6, 24 and 48 h in glucose‐ and pectin‐containing liquid media. Phenotypic tests showed the role of carbon source on M. laxa growth rate and aggressiveness, and indicated that pectinases were greatly affected by pH. Gene expression analyses uncovered differences among members of each family of pectinases and between the two families, defining sets of genes expressed at earlier (0.5–6 h) and later (48 h) phases. Notably, the up‐ or down‐regulation of these target genes was carbon source‐dependent. Finally, an in vivo study confirmed the synergistic and complementary role that these genes play in the M. laxa–stone fruit pathosystem. Based on these results, it is hypothesized that MlPME2, MlRG‐HYD1 and MlRG‐HYD2 may be potential virulence factors of M. laxa in the process from infection to colonization.

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“…Botrytis cinerea has been shown to produce virulent factors required for successful colonization of the host (Nakajima & Akutsu ; Weiberg & Jin ). This fungus can kill host cells through the production of toxins, the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of a plant‐produced oxidative burst and can additionally feed on different tissues employing a battery of cell wall‐degrading enzymes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Botrytis cinerea B05.10 promotes disease development in Arabidopsis by suppressing WRKY33‐mediated host immunity

Liu

Ziegler

Zeier

et al. 2017

Plant Cell & Environment

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The large WRKY transcription factor family is mainly involved in regulating plant immune responses. Arabidopsis WRKY33 is a key transcriptional regulator of hormonal and metabolic processes towards Botrytis cinerea strain 2100 infection and is essential for resistance. In contrast to B. cinerea strain 2100, the strain B05.10 is virulent on wild-type (WT) Col-0 Arabidopsis plants highlighting the genetic diversity within this pathogen species. We analysed how early WRKY33-dependent responses are affected upon infection with strain B05.10 and found that most of these responses were strongly dampened during this interaction. Ectopic expression of WRKY33 resulted in complete resistance towards this strain indicating that virulence of B05.10, at least partly, depends on suppressing WRKY33 expression/protein accumulation. As a consequence, the expression levels of direct WRKY33 target genes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of camalexin, were also reduced upon infection. Concomitantly, elevated levels of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) were observed. Molecular and genetic studies revealed that ABA negatively influences defence to B05.10 and effects jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Susceptibility/resistance was determined by the antagonistic effect of ABA on JA, and this crosstalk required suppressing WRKY33 functions at early infection stages. This indicates that B. cinerea B05.10 promotes disease by suppressing WRKY33-mediated host defences.

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Virulence factors of Botrytis cinerea.

Cited by 18 publications

References 89 publications

The autophagy‐related gene BcATG1 is involved in fungal development and pathogenesis in Botrytis cinerea

The autophagy‐related gene BcATG1 is involved in fungal development and pathogenesis in Botrytis cinerea

Pectin methyl esterases and rhamnogalacturonan hydrolases: weapons for successful Monilinia laxa infection in stone fruit?

Botrytis cinerea B05.10 promotes disease development in Arabidopsis by suppressing WRKY33‐mediated host immunity

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