Virtual reality-based monitoring test for MCI: A multicenter feasibility study

Abstract

ObjectivesAs the significance of the early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has emerged, it is necessary to develop corresponding screening tools with high ecological validity and feasible biomarkers. Virtual reality (VR)-based cognitive assessment program, which is close to the daily life of the older adults, can be suitable screening tools for MCI with ecological validity and accessibility. Meanwhile, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been observed at a low concentration in the older adults with dementia or cognitive decline, indicating its potential as a biomarker of MCI. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and usability of a VR cognitive assessment program and salivary DHEA for screening MCI.MethodsThe VR cognitive assessment program and the traditional Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test were performed on 12 patients with MCI and 108 healthy older adults. The VR program operates in a situation of caring for a grandchild, and evaluates the memory, attention, visuospatial, and executive functions. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), a partial correlation analysis, and receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were conducted for statistical analysis.ResultsAccording to the ANCOVA, no significant difference in MOCA scores was found between the normal and MCI groups (F = 2.36, p = 0.127). However, the VR total score of the MCI group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (F = 8.674, p = 0.004). There was a significant correlation between the MOCA and VR scores in the total and matched subdomain scores. The ROC curve analysis also showed a larger area under the curve (AUC) for the VR test (0.765) than for the MOCA test (0.598), and the sensitivity and specificity of the VR program were 0.833 and 0.722, respectively. Salivary DHEA was correlated with VR total (R2 = 0.082, p = 0.01) and attention scores (R2 = 0.086, p = 0.009).ConclusionThe VR cognitive test was as effective as the traditional MOCA test in the MCI classification and safe enough for older adults to perform, indicating its potential as a diagnostic tool. It has also been shown that salivary DHEA can be used as a biomarker for MCI.

Potential Salivary Biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (Review of Literature)

“…Уровень дегидроэпиандростерона в слюне коррелировал когнитивными тестами . Заметных различий в его содержании у здоровых и при УКН нет [24] . Концентрация другого гормона -кортизола в РЖ при лёгких когнитивных расстройствах повышена [25] .…”

Combining reinforcement learning and virtual reality in mild neurocognitive impairment: a new usability assessment on patients and caregivers

“…Beside assistive technology, which is useful to build a bridge between the individual's functioning and the requirements of their daily environment, new technologies rely on the use of wearable technologies, mobile technologies, serious games, and telerehabilitation (Di Lorito et al, 2021 ; Bacanoiu and Danoiu, 2022 ; Robinson and Moghaddam, 2022 ). Furthermore, virtual reality (VR) setups may be used (Moon and Han, 2022 ; Zuschnegg et al, 2022 ; Jang et al, 2023 ). Computer-mediated interventions can make up for some of the disadvantages of traditional approaches.…”