Virtual protectionism: Overview of MFN tariffs and bound tariffs in South America

López, Juan Gabriel Vanegas; Rojas, José Jaime Baena

doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2019/12-4/5

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…An example of the discrepancies found regarding the analysis of the effects of technical obstacles to trade is demonstrated in the works of Chen & Mao (2020) and Vanegas and Baena (2019). They express that the application of these measures during specific time periods, as during the COVID-19 pandemic, was sound concerning the restriction of entry of food products to the markets because of the great uncertainty during this time; due to the little knowledge about the virus' propagation, the measures protected the population's health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this light, the study of the effects that may be caused by the application of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) in Latin American markets is of high importance; as the countries from this region seek the growth of all their sectors, increasing the production of their national industries and consequently of their economies. Notwithstanding, regardless of the effort to boost trade and the freedom of market regionally, there still are States that opt for protectionist measures that hinder imports into their territories (Vanegas & Baena, 2019;Gomez, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This refers to how the importers, as they must abide by the new dispositions and regulations for the entry of their products, have to keep their goods in warehouses, laboratories and customs offices until they are approved so they can enter the country to be commercialized. This delays the delivery of merchandise to their clients, who will delay the final delivery to the consumer (Vanegas & Baena, 2019).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Consecuencias en Latinoamérica de la aplicación de obstáculos técnicos a las importaciones

Maldonado-Molina,

Tonon-Ordóñez

2024

IRJ

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La aplicación de barreras técnicas al comercio en América Latina puede ser tanto positiva como negativa. Para analizar el tema y profundizar en la literatura existente, se estableció como objetivo determinar cuáles son los obstáculos técnicos que se han aplicado en los países latinoamericanos y su efecto en empresas exportadoras e importadoras de productos. Para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura basada en el método PRISMA; en las bases de datos: Scopus, Dialnet, Scielo, SpringerLink y Redalyc, de las cuales se obtuvieron 518 resultados, entre artículos, informes y libros relacionados con el campo de la investigación. Estos resultados fueron filtrados para obtener una lista de 55 fuentes que eran relevantes para la construcción del tema. Se concluye que los principales efectos sobre las importaciones son: aumentos de costos; reducción del consumo; protección de la industria nacional; desigualdad en el comercio internacional y posibles consecuencias para la calidad de los productos nacionales y extranjeros.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Consecuencias en Latinoamérica de la aplicación de obstáculos técnicos a las importaciones

Maldonado-Molina,

Tonon-Ordóñez

2024

IRJ

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“…According to (Hu, 2020), this is a form of tax imposed by the government on goods and services when they leave or enter the national frontier. These tariffs consist of particular tariffs ad valorem, permits, import quotas, voluntarily limits on exports, and local content requirements (Vanegas & Baena, 2019). This study defines a tariff as a tax imposed by the government and examines how it affects logistics operations in Kenya.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants for Government Trade Policies and Performance of Logistic Firms in Mombasa County, Kenya

CHAO,

CHEGE, PhD

2023

strategicjournals.com

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Logistics firms are among the companies that have embraced supply chain performance and have made a lot of progress in terms of service delivery. There is decline in terms of service delivery and customer satisfaction. The study examined effect of government trade policies on the supply chain performance of logistics firms based in Mombasa County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were; to examine the effect of advance taxation policy, licensing policy, price control, and tariff policy on the supply chain performance of logistics firms. The theory of constraint and Porter's value chain theory guided the study. The target population was 8 logistics firms based in Mombasa County. The study employed a descriptive research design. The respondents include top management staff, middle management staff, and lower management staff of the logistics firms. Taro Yamane's formula was employed to calculate a sample size, which was 120 respondents Questionnaires with open ended question was used to gather primary data. For the quantitative data collected a multiple linear regression model was conducted to examine the relationship between study variables Tables, pie charts, and graphs were used to present the findings for easy comprehension and interpretation. Based on the findings, the Government trade policies were found to influence the supply chain performance of logistic companies in Mombasa County, Kenya. Different variables depicted varied influences on the dependent variable. Two variables that is Licensing policy and price control depicted a positive influence supply chain performance (0.137, and 0.130). While the other two taxation policy and tariff policies negative influenced on the supply chain performance (-0.150 and -0.295). The results recommended policies guiding the taxation and government tariffs. Moreover, licensing policy and price control should be enhanced for more favourable outcomes. The findings may be important to government policymakers in formulating appropriate policies guiding logistics firms. The study omitted other trade barriers such as quota systems and subsidies thus further study can be done to consider these trade barriers and establish their influence of the supply chain performance of logistics companies. Lastly, to ensure research is done under ethical conditions, privacy of respondents and treating collected data with a lot of integrity was considered.

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“…Nevertheless, the current international trading system has been able to sustain this wave of protectionism, in part due to the effective regulation of the GATT against various unjustified protectionist policies. It should be noted that this legal system has managed to control trade protectionism, especially TBs, since the issue of tariffs was addressed as a central issue in all the rounds of the GATT and the provisions of the International Network of Customs Universities GATT (both Article I General most-favoured-nation treatment and Article II Schedules of concessions) are a series of specific conditions for the implementation of TBs by the countries within the multilateral trading system (Baena & Fernández, 2016;Baena, 2018;Vanegas & Baena, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tariff Barriers and Non-Tariff Barriers: Appraising Colombia’s Protectionism

Baene Rojas,

Londono Pineda

2020

World Customs Journal

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Tariff barriers (TBs) are regulated under the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), such as the most-favoured-nation treatment article, which establishes that trade concessions granted to one member are applied immediately and without conditions to all other members. Likewise, the schedule of concessions on goods, which indicates that all trade concessions made by members must be reported under the legal agreement’s ‘bound’ rates. Then, if one World Trade Organization (WTO) member raises applied tariffs above their bound level, any WTO member can sue the country for this action. However, on the other hand, the non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are more complex to regulate due to a state’s ability to adopt many different new measures, which makes the measures hard to identify as barriers. Furthermore, the opacity of many NTBs also makes enforcement of regulations a complicated international endeavour. Thus, the international trading system assumes that there will be essential challenges and seeks to develop explicit provisions for this kind of protectionism. This paper, which is based on the findings of a comprehensive review of Colombia’s situation, provides a general explanation of TBs and NTBs as protectionist measures within the foreign trade of this Latin American country. In doing so, the research identifies the TBs and NTBs currently adopted, the effects of these barriers on this economy, and the sectors that are meaningfully affected by these measures.

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Virtual protectionism: Overview of MFN tariffs and bound tariffs in South America

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Consecuencias en Latinoamérica de la aplicación de obstáculos técnicos a las importaciones

Consecuencias en Latinoamérica de la aplicación de obstáculos técnicos a las importaciones

Determinants for Government Trade Policies and Performance of Logistic Firms in Mombasa County, Kenya

Tariff Barriers and Non-Tariff Barriers: Appraising Colombia’s Protectionism

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