Virtual origins of fire plumes

Comparison of FPETool :

“…The virtual origin can be located above or below the actual surface of the fire. For normal atmospheric conditions and fire sources that do not have substantial in-depth combustion, the prediction for the virtual origin of a fire plume is [12]:…”

Plume Analysis Above Finite Size Fire Sources

“…Setting dum/dx = 0 at x =0 after differentiating equation (12) Model equations ( 6-8) have been solved numerically by fourth order Runge -Kutta method for three types of fire sources, described by the boundary conditions. The results of our numerical solution of model equations (6)(7)(8) are presented in Figures 1, 2 and 3. Figure 1 it has been observed that the plume expansion becomes asymptotically linear at the locations away from the source.…”

“…Equations (14-16) are for a nonreacting plume originating from a circular fire source. These equations are now reduced to one-dimensional form with the help of equations (4) "" dx dx (7) ( 18) o (19) Equations (17-19) represent a pseudo one-dimensional mathematical model of a plume originated from a circular fire source. The set of equations (17-19) together with the boundary conditions given by equation (9) complete the model.…”

“…This virtual source is located below the actual fire source. George et al [6], Heskestad [7], Hasemi and Tokunaga [8], Cetegen et al [9], and Cox and Chitty [10] have proposed relationships to determine the location of a virtual point source. Each one of these relationships is applicable to a particular set of conditions exprimented upoh.…”

Flame Height From Rectangular Fire Sources Considering Mixing Factor

“…[2] Flame geometry from a single fire source [3][4][5] and extension behavior [6,7] from a set of openings has been also studied. However, no clear and sufficient data exists to establish the flame geometry from multi line fire sources considering the source configurations and heat release rates change.…”