Virolysin, a Virus-Induced Lysin: Its Appearance and Function in Phage-Infected Staphylococci

Ralston, Doris J.; Baer, Beatrice S.; Lieberman, Miriam; Krueger, A. P.

doi:10.1099/00221287-24-3-313

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Available data suggest that they are bridge-splitting enzymes and acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidases, although the nature of the split linkage has not been completely defined (55).…”

Section: Letters In Parentheses Refer To Bonds Hydrolyzed As Identifimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Enzymatic Bacteriolysis

Strominger¹,

Ghuysen²

1967

Science

241

103

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basic science. Consequently, such major enterprises must be examined outside the normal level-of-effort framework. And since the economics of choice do not help much in dealing with such matters, the politics of choice may govern-such factors, for example, as national scientific posture.From all this one can gather that budget decisions affecting science are among the hardest to make. What has to be remembered is that decisions affecting research are frequently as opportunistic as those affecting other public investments, in the sense that they are made in a bargaining process that is common ground for all problems of choice. There can be no fail-safe procedure to eliminate risk in budgeting for science.In the folkways of bureaucracy, the role of the Bureau of the Budget tends to loom bigger than life. Political and behavioral scientists have begun to probe this phenomenon, with results that threaten to expose us as human, after all. Still, the legends persist. One is made to feel that spine-chilling rites are being practiced in the quaintly Byzantine edifice next to the White House. This is largely our own fault, for taking to heart the counsel of anonymity. We suffer in silence and bury our dead quietly. Victories go uncelebrated, defeats unrecorded. Yet there is in the bureau's character a saving streak that recalls the opening line of Scaramouche-he was born with the gift of laughter and a sense that the world is mad.As this is being written, the 1968 budget is before the Congress. Though its prose is sedate, one can hardly miss the signs of ordeal that marked its preparation. Painful choices are apparent, and the ends-means squeeze starkly visible. With all this, expenditures for R & D are budgeted to in-crease by one-half billion dollars, to a record high of more than $17 billion. Funds for development will be smaller, while outlays for research will be significantly greater than in the current fiscal year. It may not be an affluent growth pattern, but neither does it justify gloom and predictions of doom. In the marine sciences, in urban research, in basic science, in weather research, and elsewhere, some gains have been managed. Under less trying circumstances the outcome might have been considerably better for science, but, by any reasonable measure, the aggregate level of investment is massive and growing.But size and trend are not indicators of balance or of social returns on investment. This is precisely why it is always open season when the budget sprints across the political horizon. As a moving target it brings out the sportsman in each of us.

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“…Available data suggest that they are bridge-splitting enzymes and acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidases, although the nature of the split linkage has not been completely defined (55).…”

Section: Letters In Parentheses Refer To Bonds Hydrolyzed As Identifimentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Enzymatic Bacteriolysis

Strominger¹,

Ghuysen²

1967

Science

241

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…6.5, increased to pH 7.5. This usually occurred at [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] hr, depending upon both the size of the inoculum and quantity of growth medium, and was used as a determinant of harvest time. Longer incubation resulted in higher pH and lower yields.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysostaphin: A New Bacteriolytic Agent for the Staphylococcus

Schindler

Schuhardt

1964

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

429

297

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“…Suggestive evidence that an early step in phage infection is blocked as a result of the restriction was obtained from the following preliminary observations : ( 1) Phage-adsorbed cocci showed no detectable increase in ultraviolet adsorption a t 260 or 280 mp, indicating that no net synthesis of protein or nucleic acid had occurred, in contrast to the increases normally following injection of phage material into the cell. (2) The lytic enzyme, virolysin, was not detected; normally this enzyme is produced early in the latent period (Ralston et al 1961). ( 3 ) The phage-adsorbed cocci remained susceptible to infection with the unrestricted phage KIP, indicating that during the early steps after adsorption the restricted phage did not cause the cell to produce materials which might inhibit the synthesis of unrestricted phage.…”

Section: Restriction Of Phage K I~ By Group 11 Staphylococcimentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Property of Phage Group II Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Host Restriction of Phage K14

Ralston

Baer

1964

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYVarious strains of Staphylococcus aureus which type exclusively with phages of lytic group I1 were found to modify phage Kia so that its ability to form plaques on host KIN was lessened. The restricted phage formed plaques with high efficiency on all strains of lytic group 11. In general, it plated at lower titres on strains of lytic groups I, 111, IVY and on some strains of miscellaneous typing characteristics ; however, there were some variations among separate cultures of the same strains. For example, the restricted phage plated at high titre on strains 52~/79", 73, and PA, but formed significantly fewer numbers of plaques on strain 5 2~/ 7 9~ and on a second culture of 4 4~. Strain KIN was found to dissociate into apt (KIHI) and non-apt (mm) forms. The probability of plaque development by restricted phage on strain KIN was dependent upon the nutritional state of the cocci and also upon the proportion of apt and non-apt cells. The restriction of phage Kia was eliminated during its propagation on all strains other than lytic group 11. The unrestricted progeny particles tended to assay at equal titre on all the indicator strains. In all cases the genotype of the phage-susceptibility to host-control-remained unchanged. The observations add to existing data which indicate that strains of phage group I1 form a genetically distinct group. The suggestion is made that this phenomenon might help in taxonomic classification of strains of S . aureus.

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Virolysin, a Virus-Induced Lysin: Its Appearance and Function in Phage-Infected Staphylococci

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Mechanisms of Enzymatic Bacteriolysis

Mechanisms of Enzymatic Bacteriolysis

Lysostaphin: A New Bacteriolytic Agent for the Staphylococcus

A New Property of Phage Group II Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Host Restriction of Phage K14

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