Virological Studies on Acute Respiratory Disease in Young Adults. I. Isolation of ECHO 28.

Hamre, Dorothy; Procknow, John J.

doi:10.3181/00379727-107-26749

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Furthermore, if volunteers became infected, these antibodies were clearly associated with reduction of symptoms, including the amount of nasal secretion. Other studies have demonstrated that resistance to disease and infection from respiratory viruses is mediated by circulating antibodies (Edmondson et al 1966;Hendley, Gwaltney & Jordan, 1969;Couch et al 1984) and similar results were obtained by Hamre & Beem (1972) and Reed (1984) with coronavirus. In contrast, other workers have noted the protective effect of secretory antibodies (Smith et al 1966;Mills et al 1971;Perkins et al 1969;Clements et al 1983).…”

supporting

confidence: 74%

Effect of specific humoral immunity and some non-specific factors on resistance of volunteers to respiratory coronavirus infection

Callow

1985

J. Hyg.

118

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SUMMARYThirty-three volunteers were inoculated intranasally with coronavirus 229E, and their responses monitored by antibody rises, symptomatology and virus excretion. These were related to their pre-trial immune status as indicated by concentrations of specific antibodies and non-specific proteins in serum and nasal washings. Both circulating and local specific antibodies were associated with protection from infection and disease, but only specific IgA antibodies of either type appeared to shorten the period of virus shedding. Although total secretory IgA was significantly associated only with reduction of symptoms, total protein in nasal washings appeared to protect against infection also, indicating that other locally produced proteins, not identified, may be associated with resistance.Two of the many factors which may affect the concentration of circulating and local protective proteins and thus influence the outcome of virus inoculation, namely, sex of the volunteer and the interval since the previous cold, were examined. Male volunteers or volunteers who had had evidence of a recent respiratory infection were less likely to be infected, but if they were infected, they had lower clinical scores and stopped shedding virus earlier than the rest. These groups possessed higher concentrations of specific antibodies and non-specific proteins in their pre-challenge sera and/or nasal washings. The significance of these findings is discussed.

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supporting

confidence: 74%

Effect of specific humoral immunity and some non-specific factors on resistance of volunteers to respiratory coronavirus infection

Callow

1985

J. Hyg.

118

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“…An interesting and important feature of coronavirus epidemiology is the ability of this virus to infect and produce symptoms associated with shedding of virus in spite of the presence of preexisting neutralizing antibody [12]. The presence of high titers of antibody had no effect on either illness or infection in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

“…Of the 11 patients who did not have a significant rise in titers of neutralizing antibody, nine had an initial titer 1:32, and the other two did not have convalescent sera available for analysis. An inverse relation between the frequency of seroconversion and the level of preexisting antibody to coronavirus 229E has been previously reported [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Prevention of Experimental Coronavirus Colds with Intranasal -2b Interferon

Turner

Felton

Kosak

et al. 1986

Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Fifty-five volunteers treated with either intranasal recombinant interferon (rIFN; 2 X 10(6) IU/day) or placebo for 15 days were exposed to coronavirus by direct intranasal inoculation on the eighth day of treatment. Symptom scores were recorded, and cultures of virus were taken daily for all volunteers for seven days after inoculation. Nineteen (73%) of the 26 placebo recipients met symptom-score criteria for a cold, compared with 12 (41%) of the IFN recipients (P = .02). The mean nasal symptom scores in the placebo and IFN groups were 9.2 and 5.4, respectively (P = .03), and the mean total symptom scores in the two groups were 23.2 and 9.4, respectively (P = .003). The mean number of days with a total symptom score greater than 4 was 1.6 in the placebo recipients and 0.5 in the rIFN recipients (P = .02). Prophylactic intranasal rIFN effectively shortened the duration and reduced the severity of coronavirus cold symptoms.

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“…Although polio viruses, and many other enteroviruses, have been recovered from the pharynx, available information indicates that many of them multiply for longer periods in the intestine. This is not the case for ECHO 28 virus, however, an agent that has also been associated with respiratory illness (32)(33)(34). Another possible exception is Coxsackie B-2 virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Respiratory Disease in Normal Volunteers Associated With Coxsackie a-21 Viral Infection. Iii. Response to Nasopharyngeal and Enteric Inoculation

Spickard¹,

Evans²,

Knight³

et al. 1963

J. Clin. Invest.

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Parsons. Bynoe, Pereira, and Tyrrell (8) conducted a volunteer study using Coxsackie A-2 1 virus and showed that this agent could produce a mild upper respiratory illness in young adults after an incubation period of 2 to 4 days. Virus was detected in pharyngeal specimens over a 6-day period of observation, but was less often found in fecal specimens. In two recent reports (5, 6), Coxsackie A-21 virus was associated with mild upper respiratory illness in military personnel at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. Virus was readily recovered from pharyngeal specimens of ill recruits, and significant rises in neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were demonstrated.The evidence that this agent was a cause of human disease suggested the need for additional knowledge of its effects in man. Accordingly, studies were made in normal volunteers in which virus was administered by the nasopharyngeal route, or directly into the intestinal tract in subjects with no, intermediate, or high titers of homologous antibody. The study revealed that nasopharyngeal inoculation of subjects without measurable prechallenge antibody was followed by a systemic illness with fever and myalgia that was more severe when the inoculum was large. The presence of intermediate amounts of antibody before inoculation was associated with a syndrome of common cold, whereas men with high titers exhibited no illness. It was also found that the agent, although designated an enterovirus, was isolated most frequently from throat swabs. This finding was confirmed when it was found that direct intestinal inoculation produced only transient infection and no illness or antibody response. These findings are described in the following report. METHODS1 %olhteers. The men who participated in these experiments were volunteers from several federal correctional institutions. Selection was based on willingness to participate, good health, and on the presence of a suitable level of antibody to Coxsackie A-21 for a particular experiment.Clinical studies. Men were confined 3 per room for 3 to 4 days before and 3 weeks after viral inoculation. Examinations of the volunteers were made twice daily by two physicians who were unaware of the virus to be given, or of the antibody status of individual volunteers. Diagnosis of illness was made in a volunteer only by mutual agreement of both examiners. Oral temperatures were taken four times a day, and significant fever was considered to be any temperature greater than 37.50 C (99.50 F). Initial preinoculation leukocyte counts, sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin determination were obtained and then repeated on days 1, 2, 3, 5 to 9, and 12 to 15 after inoculation. A urine analysis was performed before and once after inoculation. Studies of liver function including bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, transaminase, Bromsulphalein retention, thymol turbidity, and cephalin flocculation were made before and 3 days after inoculation. Electrocardiograms and chest roentgeno-840

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Virological Studies on Acute Respiratory Disease in Young Adults. I. Isolation of ECHO 28.

Cited by 18 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of specific humoral immunity and some non-specific factors on resistance of volunteers to respiratory coronavirus infection

Effect of specific humoral immunity and some non-specific factors on resistance of volunteers to respiratory coronavirus infection

Prevention of Experimental Coronavirus Colds with Intranasal -2b Interferon

Acute Respiratory Disease in Normal Volunteers Associated With Coxsackie a-21 Viral Infection. Iii. Response to Nasopharyngeal and Enteric Inoculation

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