Virological Quality of Irrigation Water Sources and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Index of Pathogenic Virus Contamination Level

Shrestha, Sadhana; Shrestha, Shankar Prasad; Shindo, Junko; Sherchand, Jeevan Bahadur; Haramoto, Eiji

doi:10.1007/s12560-017-9324-2

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Occurrence. PMMoV has been detected in aquatic environments around the world, including rivers, 28,32 aquifers, 41 irrigation, 32,42 and coastal and marine waters ( Fig. 1, Table 2).…”

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In irrigation waters, 3/3 (100%) samples were positive for PMMoV; however, only one sample had a quantifiable concentration of 1.0 × 10 4 GC/ L. 32 Another study in 2017 looked at irrigation waters from the Kathmandu Valley from a variety of sources used for irrigating fresh produce. 42 Thirty-five surface water and six groundwater samples were collected. Sampling sites included six rivers, two ponds, one canal, and six groundwater wells.…”

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PMMoV was detected in 96% of river samples (27/28); 100% of canal samples (2/2); 60% of pond samples (3/5); and 83% of groundwater samples (5/6). 42 Betancourt et al reported that PMMoV was more commonly detected than human enteric viruses (HAdV, enterovirus, and Aichi virus 1) in groundwater samples collected from managed aquifer recharge sites in Colorado, California, and Arizona in the United States. 38 In Mexico, groundwater samples showed fluctuating presence of PMMoV between the rainy and dry seasons.…”

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

2018

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Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was recently found to be the most abundant RNA virus in human feces, and is a plant virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus in the family Virgoviridae. When in human feces, it is of dietary origin from peppers and their processed products, and is excreted from a large proportion of healthy human populations, but rarely found in animal feces. Over the past decade, this virus has been increasingly attracting research attention as a potential viral indicator for human fecal pollution in aquatic environments and water treatment systems. Results presented in the literature reveal that PMMoV is globally distributed and present in various water sources in greater abundance than human pathogenic viruses, without substantial seasonal fluctuations. Several studies report that increased concentrations of PMMoV tend to be correlated with increased fecal contamination in general, along with more frequent detection of pathogenic enteric viruses. PMMoV also exhibits remarkable stability in water under various environmental conditions. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the occurrence and persistence of PMMoV in natural and engineered water systems and discuss its advantages and limitations as a viral indicator for improved microbial water quality management.

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“…Occurrence. PMMoV has been detected in aquatic environments around the world, including rivers, 28,32 aquifers, 41 irrigation, 32,42 and coastal and marine waters ( Fig. 1, Table 2).…”

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Freshwater Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

2018

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“…Previous studies successfully demonstrated that several types of viruses, such as human adenoviruses (HuAdVs), polyomaviruses, enteroviruses (EVs), Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), can be used as potential indicators to illustrate the adequate reduction of viruses in wastewater [13][14][15] . Studies showed that PMMoV and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) are the most abundant and frequently detected viruses in sewage [15][16][17] . They are distributed globally and more abundant in environmental samples than human entric viruses, without any pronounced seasonal variation 18,19 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Tandukar

Sherchan

Haramoto

2020

Sci Rep

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this study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (pMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (tMV) as indicators of the reduction of human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. thirty-nine samples were collected from three steps at a wastewater treatment plant (raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent) monthly for a 13-month period. in addition to the three indicator viruses, eight human enteric viruses [human adenoviruses, Jc and BK polyomaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses, and noroviruses of genogroups I, II, and IV] were tested by quantitative pcR. indicator viruses were consistently detected in the tested samples, except for a few final effluents for crAssphage and TMV. The mean concentrations of crAssphage were significantly higher than those of most tested viruses. The concentrations of crAssphage in raw sewage were positively correlated with the concentrations of all tested human enteric viruses (p <0.05), suggesting the applicability of crAssphage as a suitable indicator to estimate the concentrations of human enteric viruses in raw sewage. The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (1.8 ± 0.7 log 10) were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by TMV (2.0 ± 0.3 log 10) and PMMoV (2.0 ± 0.4 log 10). Our findings suggested that the use of not only AiV-1 and PMMoV but also TMV as indicators of reductions in viral levels can be applicable during wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are currently facing numerous issues regarding insufficient treatment of human enteric viruses during the treatment process 1. Although a number of treatment procedures to remove physical, chemical, and microbiological waste from sewage are performed, these processess still need to be improved to reduce the viral content of water 2. The advanced multiple-barrier concept has been proposed for wastewater reclamation and reuse; however, it is insufficient to achieve complete reduction of human enteric viruses 3,4. In fact, advanced wastewater treatment has been developed to achieve reduction of viruses by facilitating chemical clarification, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation at different levels of regulatory control 5. However, despite implementing these modifications, the efficiency with which treatment can reduce viral levels in wastewater is still unsatisfactory. Moreover, no authorized regulatory standard for the reduction of viruses in wastewater treatment has yet been established 6. Human enteric viruses are the leading cause of waterborne illnesses and usually transmitted via the fecal-oral route 5-7. Infected individuals discharge millions of viral particles that ultimately enter sewage systems 7. In this context, it is important to study the efficiency of virus reduction at WWTPs to ascertain whether all viruses are removed from effluent samples or not. Fecal indicator bacteria, such as total coliforms and Escherichia coli, are not reliable indicators of the presence and removal of human enteric viruses during wastewa...

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“…Reads of the tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus were found in most of the samples except negative control and the samples collected from biosafety cabinets in BSL-II (H1 and H4). As reported, the two kinds of viruses are widely distributed in water and soil [33,34]. The hepatitis C virus and rotavirus, not used in the lab, were found in samples from the centrifuge rotor (H6) and the bench in BSL-I with less than ten reads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Application of next generation sequencing technology on contamination monitoring in microbiology laboratory

Xiao

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2019

Biosafety and Health

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The surveillance and prevention of pathogenic microbiological contamination are the most important tasks of biosafety management in the lab. There is an urgent need to establish an effective and unbiased method to evaluate and monitor such contamination. This study aims to investigate the utility of next generation sequencing (NGS) method to detect possible contamination in the microbiology laboratory. Environmental samples were taken at multiple sites at the lab including the inner site of centrifuge rotor, the bench used for molecular biological tests, the benches of biosafety cabinets used for viral culture, clinical sample pre-treatment and nucleic acids extraction, by scrubbing the sites using sterile flocked swabs. The extracted total nucleic acids were used to construct the libraries for deep sequencing according to the protocol of Ion Torrent platform. At least 1G raw data was obtained for each sample. The reads of viruses and bacteria accounted for 0.01 ± 0.02%, and 77.76 ± 12.53% of total reads respectively. The viral sequences were likely to be derived from gene amplification products, the nucleic acids contaminated in fetal bovine serum. Reads from environmental microorganisms were also identified. Our results suggested that NGS method was capable of monitoring the nucleic acids contaminations from different sources in the lab, demonstrating its promising utility in monitoring and assessing the risk of potential laboratory contamination. The risk of contamination from reagents, remnant DNA and environment should be considered in data analysis and results interpretation.

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Virological Quality of Irrigation Water Sources and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Index of Pathogenic Virus Contamination Level

Cited by 57 publications

References 57 publications

Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator

Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment

Application of next generation sequencing technology on contamination monitoring in microbiology laboratory

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