Virocell Metabolism: Metabolic Innovations During Host–Virus Interactions in the Ocean

Rosenwasser, Shilo; Ziv, Carmit; Creveld, Shiri Graff van; Vardi, Assaf

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.006

Cited by 174 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Finally, the global distribution of the MVCs revealed how marine viral communities adapt their composition and diversity of auxiliary metabolic genes to exploit their microbial hosts according to changes in depth, temperature and season. The findings presented here, together with recent discoveries made on the ecology of marine viruses based on metagenomics13315556575859, shed light on the poorly explored marine viral diversity and bring us closer to understanding the role of viruses in the function of marine ecosystems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Marine viruses discovered via metagenomics shed light on viral strategies throughout the oceans

et al. 2017

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Marine viruses are key drivers of host diversity, population dynamics and biogeochemical cycling and contribute to the daily flux of billions of tons of organic matter. Despite recent advancements in metagenomics, much of their biodiversity remains uncharacterized. Here we report a data set of 27,346 marine virome contigs that includes 44 complete genomes. These outnumber all currently known phage genomes in marine habitats and include members of previously uncharacterized lineages. We designed a new method for host prediction based on co-occurrence associations that reveals these viruses infect dominant members of the marine microbiome such as Prochlorococcus and Pelagibacter. A negative association between host abundance and the virus-to-host ratio supports the recently proposed Piggyback-the-Winner model of reduced phage lysis at higher host densities. An analysis of the abundance patterns of viruses throughout the oceans revealed how marine viral communities adapt to various seasonal, temperature and photic regimes according to targeted hosts and the diversity of auxiliary metabolic genes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Marine viruses discovered via metagenomics shed light on viral strategies throughout the oceans

et al. 2017

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“…There are a multitude of bacteria and viruses naturally present within the aquatic environment of which the vast majority are not derived from humans (Rosenwasser et al, 2016). In addition, the majority of bacteria and viruses derived from humans are benign from a human health perspective, however, a small component is considered pathogenic (Filippini and Middelboe, 2007; Lowther et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments—a Review

et al. 2016

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The long term survival of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbor significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g., human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g., norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments.

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“…The tail proteins of phage particle recognize the receptor protein(s) of bacteria and inject own DNA into host cytoplasm choosing either lytic or lysogenic lifecycle. Once the phage DNA is inserted into the bacterial cell, the cell is termed as a “virocell” carrying virus auxiliary metabolic genes (vAMGs), which are believed to augment the metabolic potential of the host during infection process as shown in Figure 1 (Rosenwasser et al, 2016). The phages acquire new genes into their genomes by interactions with the host genome in order to replicates in the host cells.…”

Section: Bacteriophages and Their Interaction With Bacterial Hostmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on distinct phases of the phage infection or metabolic profile of the host infected with a phage, the gene markers can be inferred. The modification in host-cell metabolism by phage-encoded genes (vAMGs) into the host genome, is described as a virocell amendment (Rosenwasser et al, 2016). Studying highly specific metabolic profiles of a virocell can improve in interpreting metabolic profile of vAMGs.…”

Section: Cataloging the Metabolome Of Virospherementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the vAMGs develop the metabolic potential of virocell through triggering novel enzymes which were not present in host machinery prior to phage infection (DeAngelis et al, 1997; Graves et al, 1999). The vAMGs can serve as a shunt between phage and their host by imparting several functional genes from one another especially assisting during stress conditions (Rosenwasser et al, 2016). These mechanisms illustrate unique attributes of gene products of phage that can mediate dynamics phage-host interaction, as an effect, shaping the microbial communities in an environment.…”

Section: Cataloging the Metabolome Of Virospherementioning

confidence: 99%

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Intriguing Interaction of Bacteriophage-Host Association: An Understanding in the Era of Omics

et al. 2017

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Innovations in next-generation sequencing technology have introduced new avenues in microbial studies through “omics” approaches. This technology has considerably augmented the knowledge of the microbial world without isolation prior to their identification. With an enormous volume of bacterial “omics” data, considerable attempts have been recently invested to improve an insight into virosphere. The interplay between bacteriophages and their host has created a significant influence on the biogeochemical cycles, microbial diversity, and bacterial population regulation. This review highlights various concepts such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to infer the phylogenetic affiliation and function of bacteriophages and their impact on diverse microbial communities. Omics technologies illuminate the role of bacteriophage in an environment, the influences of phage proteins on the bacterial host and provide information about the genes important for interaction with bacteria. These investigations will reveal some of bio-molecules and biomarkers of the novel phage which demand to be unveiled.

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Virocell Metabolism: Metabolic Innovations During Host–Virus Interactions in the Ocean

Cited by 174 publications

References 99 publications

Marine viruses discovered via metagenomics shed light on viral strategies throughout the oceans

Marine viruses discovered via metagenomics shed light on viral strategies throughout the oceans

Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments—a Review

Intriguing Interaction of Bacteriophage-Host Association: An Understanding in the Era of Omics

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