Viral Vectors for COVID-19 Vaccine Development

Abstract

Vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 has been fierce due to the devastating COVID-19 pandemic and has included all potential approaches for providing the global community with safe and efficient vaccine candidates in the shortest possible timeframe. Viral vectors have played a central role especially using adenovirus-based vectors. Additionally, other viral vectors based on vaccinia viruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, influenza viruses and lentiviruses have been subjected to vaccine development. Self-amplifying RNA virus vectors have been utilized for lipid nanoparticle-based delivery of RNA as COVID-19 vaccines. Several adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have elicited strong immune responses in immunized animals and protection against challenges in mice and primates has been achieved. Moreover, adenovirus-based vaccine candidates have been subjected to phase I to III clinical trials. Recently, the simian adenovirus-based ChAdOx1 vector expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S spike protein was approved for use in humans in the UK.

The Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines in Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplantation Patients: A Narrative Review

“…In the SARS-CoV era, the most commonly used viral vectors included adenovirus, lentivirus, measle virus, poxvirus, rhabdovirus and alphavirus [ 22 ]. Adenovirus-based vectors have served as the most dominant vectors during COVID-19 vaccine development.…”

Administration of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients

“…In this regard, using different types of adenoviruses for the first and second doses can help to reach the desired efficacy. For instance, Sputnik V vaccine utilizes the Ad26 serotype for the first dose followed by a boost dose with the Ad5 vector, 21 days later [48] .…”

Die Corona-Pandemie und Multiple Sklerose: Impfungen und deren Implikationen für Patienten – Teil 2: Impfstofftechnologien

“…Die exprimierten Proteine werden konsekutiv proteasomal abgebaut und anschließend über MHCI CD8 + -T-Zellen präsentiert oder von professionellen antigenpräsentierenden Zellen (APC) aufgenommen. Schließlich wandern antigenbeladene APC zu den drainierenden Lymphknoten, wo sie in der Lage sind, CD8 + -, CD4 + -T-Zellen und B‑Zellen zu aktivieren, und so eine aktive Immunisierung bewirken [ 14 , 29 , 39 , 62 ]. Als virale Vektoren stehen beispielsweise das modifizierte Vakziniavirus Ankara (MVA), das gentechnisch hergestellte vesikuläre Stomatitisvirus (rVSV) und insbesondere das Adenovirusserotyp 5 und 26 zur Verfügung.…”