Viral vectored vaccines: design, development, preventive and therapeutic applications in human diseases

Abstract

Human diseases, particularly infectious diseases and cancers, pose unprecedented challenges to public health security and the global economy. The development and distribution of novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines are the prioritized countermeasures of human disease. Among all vaccine platforms, viral vector vaccines offer distinguished advantages and represent prominent choices for pathogens that have hampered control efforts based on conventional vaccine approaches. Currently, viral vector vaccines remain one of the best strategies for induction of robust humoral and cellular immunity against human diseases. Numerous viruses of different families and origins, including vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus, parainfluenza virus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, influenza virus, adenovirus and poxvirus, are deemed to be prominent viral vectors that differ in structural characteristics, design strategy, antigen presentation capability, immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This review summarized the overall profile of the design strategies, progress in advance and steps taken to address barriers to the deployment of these viral vector vaccines, simultaneously highlighting their potential for mucosal delivery, therapeutic application in cancer as well as other key aspects concerning the rational application of these viral vector vaccines. Appropriate and accurate technological advances in viral vector vaccines would consolidate their position as a leading approach to accelerate breakthroughs in novel vaccines and facilitate a rapid response to public health emergencies.

Innovative translational platforms for rapid developing clinical vaccines against COVID‐19 and other infectious disease

“…To date, human or simian adenovirus (Ad) remains one of the most popular viruses engineered as a VADS, as it has several advantages for vaccine development, including the low pathogenicity, high genetic safety, large transgene incorporation capacity, efficient infection of various cell types and delivery of Ags as endogenous ones to elicit robust humoral and cellular immunity. [ 33 ] There are numerous human adenovirus types which have a virion size range of 70–90 nm containing a genome of linear double stranded DNA molecule with size range of 34–43 kb. The most adenoviral vectors are based on Ad5 and Ad26, which use the Coxsackie‐adenovirus receptor (CAR) and sialic acid–bearing glycans, respectively, as receptors to enter cells.…”

Animal Cell Lines as Expression Platforms in Viral Vaccine Production: A Post Covid-19 Perspective

“…However, with the Covid-19 pandemic, replication-deficient viral vector vaccines were introduced to the market for the first time. 1,7,20,24,44 2.6. Nucleic Acid Based (DNA and mRNA) Vaccines.…”

“…Here, carrier viruses called viral vectors are used for immunization. , In this respect, viral vector vaccines are a platform that uses recombinant viruses designed to have the genetic code of specific antigenic structure or structures of relevant viral pathogen that causes disease. ,, Thanks to the infection with using a viral vector other than the original disease-causing viral agent, the genetic code of the desired antigen to be expressed is carried to the body cells in the immunization area. In this way, only the antigenic part(s) of the actual viral pathogen, without the presence of it, are synthesized with a very high conformational accuracy by the receiver’s own cell-machinery system, and the immune system is stimulated in this way; thus, as if a natural infection takes place in the body with the pathogen. ,, Since the antigenic regions that will stimulate the immune system are endogenously synthesized by the cells themselves, they can stimulate both humoral and cellular immunity at a high level. ,,, In addition, the other advantages of this platform are that it provides high-fidelity gene transfer and expression, rapid production on a large scale, and the convenience it provides in terms of vaccine storage conditions. ,,, …”

Knockout of IRF3 and IRF7 genes by CRISPR/Cas9 technology enhances porcine virus replication in the swine testicular (ST) cell line

“…Achieving optimal manufacturing of viral vector-based vaccines and conducting in-depth viral studies require standardized virus cultivation systems, both in vitro and in vivo. [2] One of the most frequently used mammalian cell lines for the F I G U R E 1 The roles of IRF3 and IRF7 in the antiviral response. In the early stage of virus infection, once the host cell identifies the viral nucleic acid, it rapidly triggers multiple signal cascade reactions.…”

“…Achieving optimal manufacturing of viral vector‐based vaccines and conducting in‐depth viral studies require standardized virus cultivation systems, both in vitro and in vivo. [ 2 ] One of the most frequently used mammalian cell lines for the mass production of viruses is the Vero cell line, derived from renal epithelial cells extracted from the African green monkey. [ 3 ] This cell line is distinguished by its inability to secrete certain members of the type I interferon family, specifically interferon‐alpha (IFN‐α) and IFN‐beta (IFN‐β).…”