Viral vaccines for bony fish: past, present and future

Abstract

Since 1970, aquaculture production has grown. In 2010, it had an annual average rate of 6.3% with 59.9 million tons of product and soon could exceed capture fisheries as a source of fishery products. However, the occurrence of viral diseases continues to be a significant limiting factor and its control is important for the development of this sector. In aquaculture farms, fish are reared under intensive culture conditions, and the use of viral vaccines has enabled an increase in production. Several types of vaccines and strategies of vaccination have been developed; however, this approach has not reached the expected goals in the most susceptible stage (fingerlings). Currently, there are inactivated and recombinant commercial vaccines, mainly for salmonids and cyprinids. In addition, updated genomic and proteomic technology has expedited the research and expansion of new vaccine models, such as those comprised of subunits or DNA. The objective of this review is to cover the various types of viral vaccines that have been developed and are available for bony fishes, as well as the advantages and challenges that DNA vaccines present for massive administration in a growing aquaculture, possible risks for the environment, the controversy regarding genetically modified organisms and possible acceptance by consumers.

Rational Development of an Attenuated Recombinant Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 Vaccine Using Prokaryotic Mutagenesis and In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging

“…Global aquaculture currently provides half of the fish consumed worldwide. However, aquaculture is suffering important economic losses due to outbreaks of infectious and parasitic diseases [ 2 – 4 ], which are promoted by high rearing densities under artificial conditions [ 5 ], the efficient abiotic vector properties of water [ 5 ], and the international trade of genitors and fingerlings [ 6 ].…”

P247 and P523: Two In Vivo-Expressed Megalocytivirus Proteins That Induce Protective Immunity and Are Essential to Viral Infection

“…In this study, we examined the vaccine potentials of a set of megalocytivirus genes as DNA vaccines based on the knowledge that DNA vaccine has the unique feature of stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses, which are important in the control of viral diseases [ 39 – 41 ]. Of the 22 viral genes examined, two genes expressed from the vaccine plasmids pCN247 and pCN523 induced effective protection.…”

Nanoparticles and microparticles of polymers and polysaccharides to administer fish vaccines

“…The administration of DNA in fi sh stimulates the expression of MHC class II and the presence of unmethylated CpG activates macrophages, causes the proliferation of leukocytes and stimulates the expression of cytokines (Lee et al, 2003;Tassakka & Sakai 2004;Boudinot et al, 1998;Meng et al, 2003;Tassakka & Sakai 2003), acting as adjuvants (Kanellos et al, 1999;Martinez-Alonso et al, 2011). The disadvantage of these vaccines is that naked DNA must be administered by intramuscular injection (Salgado-Miranda et al, 2013) or by particle-mediated delivery by gene guns (Corbeil et al, 2000;Gomez-Chiarri et al, 1996;Sudha et al, 2001), given that oral administration causes degradation of the DNA due to the low pH level in the stomach and the DNases in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, adequate DNA encapsulation would be the ideal way to administer these vaccines orally.…”