Viral outbreaks detection and surveillance using wastewater-based epidemiology, viral air sampling, and machine learning techniques: A comprehensive review and outlook
“…The machine learning models showed improvement in comparison to linear regression models, which also have high correlation coefficients between wastewater measurements and cumulative cases around 0.8-0.9 in this study. The wider uses and benefits of various machine learning techniques in WBE was proposed in anticipation of providing accurate viral outbreaks detection and early warning of hotspots ( Abdeldayem et al, 2022 ; Matheri et al, 2022 ). Among different machine learning techniques, ANN can provide both regression (continuous quantity) and classification (discrete class label) predictions.…”
“…The machine learning models showed improvement in comparison to linear regression models, which also have high correlation coefficients between wastewater measurements and cumulative cases around 0.8-0.9 in this study. The wider uses and benefits of various machine learning techniques in WBE was proposed in anticipation of providing accurate viral outbreaks detection and early warning of hotspots ( Abdeldayem et al, 2022 ; Matheri et al, 2022 ). Among different machine learning techniques, ANN can provide both regression (continuous quantity) and classification (discrete class label) predictions.…”
“… Figure 3 Steps in sample preparation and analysis process for SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in wastewater. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier, Abdeldayem et al, 2022 , Licence number 5360170572098. …”
Section: Wastewater Monitoring and Surveillance In Covid- 19mentioning
“…In general, wastewater surveillance of viral pathogens has several challenges. The complexity of wastewater matrices, the dilute nature of biomarkers in wastewater, difficulty in pinpointing the suitable sample locations, and the need for effective virus-concentrating methods often limit this method’s ability for quantitative predictions from the viral RNA [ 22 , 23 ]. Despite these challenges, findings from two reviews [ 24 , 25 ] that included studies up to July 2021 concluded that wastewater monitoring could be a useful tool for tracking COVID-19 spread.…”
Wastewater-based epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in wastewater is desirable for understanding COVID-19 in settings where financial resources and diagnostic facilities for mass individual testing are severely limited. We conducted a rapid review to map research evidence on the utilization of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance in Africa. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and the World Health Organization library databases for relevant reports, reviews, and primary observational studies. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Narrative synthesis of the findings from included primary studies revealed the testing methodologies utilized and that detected amount of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA correlated with the number of new cases in the studied areas. The included reviews revealed the epidemiological significance and environmental risks of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater. Wastewater surveillance data at the community level can be leveraged for the rapid assessment of emerging threats and aid pandemic preparedness. Our rapid review revealed a glaring gap in the primary literature on SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance on the continent, and accelerated and adequate investment into research is urgently needed to address this gap.
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