Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma.
            <i>II. Clinical studies</i>

Murray, Douglas R.; Cassel, William A.; Torbin, Arlene H.; Olkowski, Zbigniew L.; Moore, M.

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197708)40:2<680::aid-cncr2820400214>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 62 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…This risk is not easy to quantify, and it is noteworthy that certain viruses of animal origin (e.g., NDV) have been administered so frequently to humans without adverse consequences that they are now considered to be safe platforms for the development of oncolytics. [70][71][72][73]80,97 Most of the oncolytic viruses currently in clinical testing are attenuated derivatives of prevalent human pathogens. Typically, in recent years, they have been genetically engineered to further attenuate their pathogenicity, increase their oncolytic potency, or enhance their specificity for cancer tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…71 Newcastle disease virus continues to be used in cancer therapy and has been reported in follow-up studies to provide remissions lasting at least 10 years. 72,73 Whereas much attention had been given to viral adaptation being advantageous for targeting, not much focus had yet been placed on adaptations that a non-human pathogen might acquire that could increase its virulence in a host not normally susceptible. Introduction of wild-type viruses in a traditionally naïve host where populations have not evolved any resistance to the virus would today be considered quite risky.…”

Section: Circumventing Pathogenicity: Using Animal Viruses For Human mentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of Oncolytic Viruses: Genesis to Genetic Engineering

2007

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Since the turn of the nineteenth century, when their existence was first recognized, viruses have attracted considerable interest as possible agents of tumor destruction. Early case reports emphasized regression of cancers during naturally acquired virus infections, providing the basis for clinical trials where body fluids containing human or animal viruses were used to transmit infections to cancer patients. Most often the viruses were arrested by the host immune system and failed to impact tumor growth, but sometimes, in immunosuppressed patients, infection persisted and tumors regressed, although morbidity as a result of the infection of normal tissues was unacceptable. With the advent of rodent models and new methods for virus propagation, there were numerous attempts through the 1950s and 1960s to force the evolution of viruses with greater tumor specificity, but success was limited and many researchers abandoned the field. Technology employing reverse genetics later brought about a renewal of interest in virotherapy that allowed the generation of more potent, tumor-specific oncolytics. Here, examination of early oncolytic virotherapy before genetic engineering serves to highlight tremendous advances, yet also hints at ways to penetrate host immune defenses, a significant remaining challenge in modern virotherapy research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Circumventing Pathogenicity: Using Animal Viruses For Human mentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Oncolytic Viruses: Genesis to Genetic Engineering

2007

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“…Viral lysates (called oncolysate) have been used in the past to vaccinate human against cancer (45). Those few trials have shown some degrees of success, but results have been ambiguous (39,46,47). Remarkably, treatment with viral oncolysates showed better overall survival than radio-and chemotherapy, probably because of the harmful effects that these conventional therapies have on the immune system (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oncolytic poliovirus therapy and immunization with poliovirus-infected cell lysate induces potent antitumor immunity against neuroblastoma in vivo

Toyoda

Wimmer²,

Cello³

2010

Int J Oncol

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Abstract. In a previous study, we demonstrated that neuroblastoma subcutaneously implanted in immuno-competent mice is eliminated by intratumoral administration of neuroattenuated poliovirus (PV). Our results also suggested that the in vivo destruction of neuroblastoma cells by virotherapy lead to a robust antitumor immune response. In this work, splenocytes harvested from neuroblastoma-bearing animals treated with neuroattenuated PV exhibited significantly higher lytic activity against tumor target cells than did those from splenocytes derived from control mice. In vitro T-cell depletion experiments indicated that CD8 + T cells were essential for the cytotoxic antitumor activity of splenocytes. Moreover, adoptive transfer of splenocytes obtained from mice cured of neuroblastoma by PV virotherapy markedly delayed the tumor growth of previously established neuroblastomas in recipient naïve mice. These results confirmed that treatment with a neuroattenuated oncolytic PV strain induces antitumor immunity against neuroblastoma that is mainly mediated by cytotoxic CD8 + T cells. Immunocompetent mice, on the other hand, were immunized with PV-infected neuroblastoma cell lysate prior intravenous challenge with neuroblastoma cells. As a control, mice were vaccinated with either non-infected neuroblastoma cell lysate alone or mixed with PV, or with PBS prior tumor cell injection. Results showed that survival is significantly prolonged only in mice immunized with PV-infected tumor lysate. This finding clearly suggested that in vitro poliovirus infection of neuroblastoma cells turns these cells into a potent tumor immunogen. Further studies in oncolytic treatment of neuroblastoma using attenuated PV alone or in combination with immunotherapy with PV oncolysate should improve the probability for successful translation in the clinic.

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“…Subse quently, NDV has been used both as an anti cancer agent in several clinical trials [26]. In the recent years, the reverse genetics technology allowed to generate recombinant strains from non segmented negative strand RNA viruses and allowed to recover recombi nant NDV entirely from cloned cDNA of the non lytic strain LaSota [27].…”

Section: Potential Of Ndv In Cancer Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressing foreign genes by Newcastle disease virus for cancer therapy

Bai

Tian²,

et al. 2015

Mol Biol

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An interesting aspect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the ability to selectively replicate in tumor cells. Recently, using reverse genetics technology to enhance the oncolytic properties and therapeutic potential of NDV for tumor therapy has become popular in immunocompetent carcinoma tumor models. Expressing foreign genes by recombinant NDV (rNDV FG) has been shown to be more effective in cancer therapy in preclinical studies. This paper provides an overview of the current studies on the cytotoxic and anti cancer effects of rNDV FG via direct oncolysis and immune stimulation. Safety of rNDV FG as a ther apeutic agent for cancer immunotherapy and virotherapy is also discussed.

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Viral oncolysate in the management of malignant melanoma. II. Clinical studies

Cited by 62 publications

References 11 publications

History of Oncolytic Viruses: Genesis to Genetic Engineering

History of Oncolytic Viruses: Genesis to Genetic Engineering

Oncolytic poliovirus therapy and immunization with poliovirus-infected cell lysate induces potent antitumor immunity against neuroblastoma in vivo

Expressing foreign genes by Newcastle disease virus for cancer therapy

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