Viral obesity: fact or fiction?

Mitra, Amal K.; Clarke, Kristina

doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00677.x

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…We also show a rising prevalence of Adv36 infection in Sweden from the period of 1992 to 2009, the first longitudinal data suggesting an increasing prevalence of Adv36 infection in parallel to an increase in the prevalence of obesity. These findings address comments in a recent review arguing for the need of further epidemiological studies to establish the link between viral infection and obesity in man [39]. The importance of a rapid Adv36 detection assay that may be used clinically is demonstrated by the study of Trovato et al [40] which demonstrated that a positive clinical response of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to nutritional treatment was enhanced in Adv36-positive compared to Adv36-negative patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Adenovirus-36 Is Associated with Obesity in Children and Adults in Sweden as Determined by Rapid ELISA

Almgren

Atkinson

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundExperimental and natural human adenovirus-36 (Adv36) infection of multiple animal species results in obesity through increasing adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Presence of Adv36 antibodies detected by serum neutralization assay has previously been associated with obesity in children and adults living in the USA, South Korea and Italy, whereas no association with adult obesity was detected in Belgium/the Netherlands nor among USA military personnel. Adv36 infection has also been shown to reduce blood lipid levels, increase glucose uptake by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biopsies, and to associate with improved glycemic control in non-diabetic individuals.Principal FindingsUsing a novel ELISA, 1946 clinically well-characterized individuals including 424 children and 1522 non-diabetic adults, and 89 anonymous blood donors, residing in central Sweden representing the population in Stockholm area, were studied for the presence of antibodies against Adv36 in serum. The prevalence of Adv36 positivity in lean individuals increased from ∼7% in 1992–1998 to 15–20% in 2002–2009, which paralleled the increase in obesity prevalence. We found that Adv36-positive serology was associated with pediatric obesity and with severe obesity in females compared to lean and overweight/mildly obese individuals, with a 1.5 to 2-fold Adv36 positivity increase in cases. Moreover, Adv36 positivity was less common among females and males on antilipid pharmacological treatment or with high blood triglyceride level. Insulin sensitivity, measured as lower HOMA-IR, showed a higher point estimate in Adv36-positive obese females and males, although it was not statistically significant (p = 0.08).ConclusionUsing a novel ELISA we show that Adv36 infection is associated with pediatric obesity, severe obesity in adult females and lower risk of high blood lipid levels in non-diabetic Swedish individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Adenovirus-36 Is Associated with Obesity in Children and Adults in Sweden as Determined by Rapid ELISA

Almgren

Atkinson

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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“…On the other hand, in vivo studies show that some viruses such as enteroviruses can affect the metabolic status by directly infecting the liver and pancreas, while others such as adenoviruses can induce SLGI by infecting adipose tissue and interacting with mucosal immune system [16-18]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of aerobic exercise and low carbohydrate diet on pre-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women and middle aged men – the role of gut microbiota composition: study protocol for the AELC randomized controlled trial

Liu

et al. 2014

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundPre-diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle and pose extremely high costs to the healthcare system. In this study, we aim to explore whether individualized aerobic exercise (AEx) and low carbohydrate diet (LCh) intervention affect hepatic fat content (HFC) in pre-diabetes via modification of gut microbiota composition and other post-interventional effects.Methods/designA 6-month randomized intervention with 6-month follow-up is conducted from January 2013 to December 2015. The target sample size for intervention is 200 postmenopausal women and middle-aged men aged 50–65 year-old with pre-diabetes and NAFLD. The qualified subjects are randomized into 4 groups with 50 subjects in each group: 1 = AEx, 2 = LCh, 3 = AEx + LCh, and 4 = control. In addition, two age-matched reference groups (5 = pre-diabetes without NAFLD (n = 50) and 6 = Healthy without pre-diabetes or NAFLD (n = 50)) are included. The exercise program consists of progressive and variable aerobic exercise (intensity of 60 to 75% of initial fitness level, 3–5 times/week and 30–60 min/time). The diet program includes dietary consultation plus supplementation with a special lunch meal (40% of total energy intake/day) which aims to reduce the amount of carbohydrate consumption (30%). The control and reference groups are advised to maintain their habitual habits during the intervention. The primary outcome measures are HFC, serum metabolomics and gut microbiota composition. The secondary outcome measures include body composition and cytokines. In addition, socio-psychological aspects, social support, physical activity and diet will be performed by means of questionnaire and interview.DiscussionSpecific individualized exercise and diet intervention in this study offers a more efficient approach for liver fat reduction and diabetes prevention via modification of gut microbiota composition. Besides, the study explores the importance of incorporating fitness assessment and exercise in the management of patients with pre-diabetes and fatty liver disorders. If our program is shown to be effective, it will open new strategies to combat these chronic diseases.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials: ISRCTN42622771.

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“…More energy-dense food with high glycemic index and the introduction of high-fructose corn syrup in soft drinks may have contributed to not only the obesity plague but also, the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, gout, and CKD. 30 Other intriguing hypotheses of causes of the obesity epidemic include mutation of the uricase gene, 31 microRNAs, 32 adenovirus infection, 33 altered gut microbiota, 34 psychosocial stress, 35 and neurocognitive factors. 36 …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Obesity: Why Do We Get Fat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity in CKD—What Should Nephrologists Know?

Stenvinkel

Zoccali

İkizler

2013

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

199

172

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Obesity, the epidemic of the 21st century, carries a markedly increased risk for comorbid complications, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and sleep apnea. In addition, obesity increases the risk for CKD and its progression to ESRD. Paradoxically, even morbid obesity associates with better outcomes in studies of ESRD patients on maintenance dialysis. Because the number of obese CKD and maintenance dialysis patients is projected to increase markedly in developed as well as low-and middle-income countries, obesity is a rapidly emerging problem for the international renal community. Targeting the obesity epidemic represents an unprecedented opportunity for health officials to ameliorate the current worldwide increase in CKD prevalence. Nephrologists need more information about assessing and managing obesity in the setting of CKD. Specifically, more precise estimation of regional fat distribution and the amount of muscle mass should be introduced into regular clinical practice to complement more commonly used practical markers, such as body mass index. Studies examining the effects of obesity on kidney disease progression and other clinical outcomes along with weight management strategies are much needed in this orphan area of research. 24: 172724: -173624: , 201324: . doi: 10.1681 Obesity has emerged as the largest pandemic in near history, with important implications of not only cardiovascular disease (CVD) but also CKD. Recent data from the United States indicate that the incidence and prevalence rates of obesity in maintenance dialysis patients largely exceed the corresponding figures in the general population. 1 A large European population survey documented that a high body mass index (BMI) ranks as one of the strongest risk factors for new-onset CKD. 2 The dimension of the obesity epidemic and the impact of the same epidemic on the kidney demand efforts for understanding the epidemiology and the mechanisms of CKD associated with excess adiposity. It also sets as an absolute public health priority for the development of treatment policies integrated across specialties and general practice to halt this much concerning problem. In this scenario, it is fundamental that nephrologists are updated on current knowledge about obesity in the setting of CKD. However, little attention is still paid to this issue in major nephrology journals. The suboptimal attention to the problem by major sources of dissemination of specialty information suggests that nephrologists may have scarce knowledge of how obesity should be assessed, its epidemiology, mechanisms whereby excess fat mass is conducive to CKD, and management of obesity in the catabolic uremic milieu. 3 J Am Soc Nephrol DEFINITION AND ASSESSMENT OF OBESITYThe most common method for defining obesity is based on BMI (i.e., a person's weight as obese. It should be emphasized that population norms of BMI could be different based on ethnic and racial background (i.e., the proportion of Asian people with a high ...

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Viral obesity: fact or fiction?

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

Adenovirus-36 Is Associated with Obesity in Children and Adults in Sweden as Determined by Rapid ELISA

Adenovirus-36 Is Associated with Obesity in Children and Adults in Sweden as Determined by Rapid ELISA

Effect of aerobic exercise and low carbohydrate diet on pre-diabetic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women and middle aged men – the role of gut microbiota composition: study protocol for the AELC randomized controlled trial

Obesity in CKD—What Should Nephrologists Know?

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