Viral molecular and pathological investigations ofCanid herpesvirus1 infection associated respiratory disease and acute death in dogs

Abstract

Canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) is a member of the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC). The outcome of CaHV-1 infection can be occasionally fatal. So far, no information on CaHV-1 circulation in Thailand has been reported resulting in a lack of preventive strategies. In this study, nasal (NS) and oropharyngeal (OS) swabs were collected from 100 live dogs with respiratory distress. Among them, 23 pleural effusions were aspirated. A panel of CIRDC-associated viruses was screened by (RT)-PCR, including CaHV-1, CIV, CPIV, CDV, CRCoV and CAdV-2, for all collected samples. The CaHV-1 was detected in 32 dogs. Additionally, CaHV-1 was consistently detected in six pleural effusions. Most CaHV-1 infected dogs were over 5 years of age (43.8%) and expressed a mild nasal discharge. Pathological results of four three-month-old puppies, naturally moribund from respiratory disease, revealed a severe multifocal necrotic-hemorrhagic disease in several organs without pathognomonic inclusion bodies. They were only found to be CaHV-1 positive by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated concordant results of CaHV-1 circulation in Thailand. Although mostly found as a co-infection with other CIRDC viruses (68.8%) it also occurred alone. Therefore, rapid ante-mortem diagnosis might facilitate the investigation of unclassical CaHV-1 infection, which is fatal in neonates and causes illness in annually core-vaccinated adults.

The first molecular detection of Canine herpesvirus-1 in reproductive specimens of adult dogs in Iran

“…Our finding is similar to other studies in which there was no statistical difference between age and detection of CHV-1 [7,14,19,21]. In contrast to our findings, other researchers indicated that the rate of the infection was significantly higher in older dogs compared with younger ones [16,25,28].…”

“…(2015) performed in Denmark, 13 out of 57 (22.8%) dead puppies were positive for CHV-1 infections by real-time PCR (qPCR) while histopathological and in situ hybridization results were inconsistent [23]. Moreover, CHV-1 was defined as a respiratory virus and detected in nasal swabs of dogs via PCR 6 [24,25]. Adult dogs also can be implicated in spread of infections.…”

Detection of Canine herpesvirus 1 in the breeding kennel and farm dogs by Real-time PCR

“…Another study performed in Denmark by Larsen et al (2015) presented that CHV-1 was found in 22.8% of tissue pools of the dead puppies using real-time PCR (qPCR), however histopathological and in situ hybridization findings were inconsistent [24]. Moreover, CHV-1 infection associated with respiratory diseases was detected in 32 out of 100 nasal and oropharyngeal swabs of dogs and 6 out of 32 pleural effusions using multiplex PCR in Thailand [14]. In another study conducted in Brazil, CHV-1, as a respiratory virus, was found in 6% of the nasal secretions of shelter dogs via PCR [25].…”

“…The virus is responsible for fetal death, abortion, mummification, or stillbirth in pregnant bitches [11]. Moreover, respiratory disease, ocular signs, and genital lesions are also documented [5, [12][13][14]. Lifelong latent infection is associated with localization of CHV-1 to nerve ganglia following recovery [1].…”

Cross-sectional investigation and risk factor analysis of community-acquired and hospital-associated canine viral infectious respiratory disease complex

“…In addition, canine bocavirus [13, 14], canine hepacivirus [15] and canine circovirus [16] have been detected in respiratory tract samples of dogs showing respiratory illness, but the pathogenic roles of those viruses are poorly determined. Although new viruses have emerged, the common CIRDVs are still important contributors to respiratory disease [17, 18]. Additionally, current core vaccines that are routinely used in dogs prevent some CIRDVs, such as CPIV, CDV, and CAdV-2, but not CaHV-1, CRCoV and CIV.…”