Viral Infections and Diseases

Tryland, Morten; Neves, Carlos G. das; Klein, Jörn; Mørk, Torill; Hautaniemi, Maria; Wensman, Jonas Johansson

doi:10.1201/9780429489617-8

Cited by 12 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Contagious ecthyma was reported in reindeer under natural herding conditions in Sweden in 1973 (8) and in Norway in 2001 (9), but has rarely been diagnosed since in these countries. This sporadic occurrence is in contrast to the situation in Finland, where it has been diagnosed virtually every year since the winter of 1992–1993 (7), when about 400 reindeer succumbed and about 2,800 were affected (10). Later outbreaks in Finland have been associated with pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV), a parapoxvirus with a cattle reservoir (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…In reindeer, ORFV cause the disease contagious ecthyma (syn. contagious pustular dermatitis), with characteristic proliferative “cauliflower-like” lesions at the muco-cutaneous junctions of the mouth and nose, as well as in the oral mucosa (7). Contagious ecthyma was reported in reindeer under natural herding conditions in Sweden in 1973 (8) and in Norway in 2001 (9), but has rarely been diagnosed since in these countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reindeer alphaherpesvirus, cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2), is enzootic in the Fennoscandian reindeer population (22–24). The virus may cause upper respiratory tract infection in reindeer, and is also transferred from mother to fetus, with a potential for abortion and weak borne calves (7, 22). Mucosal lesions in the mouth and eyes caused by CvHV2 may facilitate secondary infections by opportunistic pathogens, such as ORFV, Fusobacterium necrophorum , and other species of bacteria (7, 25–27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious Disease Outbreak Associated With Supplementary Feeding of Semi-domesticated Reindeer

et al. 2019

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Supplementary winter feeding of semi-domesticated reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus ) has become more common in Sweden and Norway due to reindeer pasture fragmentation and climatic conditions. With increased corralling and feeding, often associated with animal stress, increased animal-to-animal contact, and poor hygienic conditions, an altered range of health challenges and diseases may emerge. An outbreak of three different infectious diseases appeared simultaneously in a reindeer herd in Norrbotten County, Sweden. The animals were corralled and fed silage. Several animals in poor body condition stopped eating, with drool and discoloration of the hair coat around the mouth. There were large, black, necrotic lesions on the tongue and gingiva, with holes perforating the chin, indicative of oral necrobacillosis and Fusobacterium spp. infection. Simultaneously, animals were seen with proliferative lesions in the oral mucosa and on the lips, characteristic of contagious ecthyma and Orf virus infection. Furthermore, three animals had keratoconjunctivitis suggesting exposure to cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) and possibly secondary bacterial infections. DNA specific for Fusobacterium necrophorum and ORFV was detected in relevant tissue samples. Antibodies against CvHV2 were detected in 10 of 13 diseased and in four of 11 apparently healthy reindeer. Nine animals were found dead or were euthanized during the outbreak. Health risk factors associated with feeding and corralling may severely impact animal welfare and the herder's economy, and may represent an underestimated cost when replacing natural grazing with feeding.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious Disease Outbreak Associated With Supplementary Feeding of Semi-domesticated Reindeer

et al. 2019

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“…Poxviridae sequences were detected in rectal swab pools from all countries studied here and in nasal swab pools from all countries except Russia. Most sequence reads matched ORFV, which is a member of the Parapoxvirus genus causing contagious ecthyma in small ruminants, reindeer, and many wildlife species, and a zoonotic infection [ 25 ]. ORFV-specific genome sequences have been detected by PCR in reindeer with no clinical signs of contagious ecthyma, indicating that the virus may circulate among reindeer without presenting as regular disease outbreaks [ 82 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some virus infections of known or potential clinical relevance are known to circulate in reindeer ( Table 1 ). Among other relevant viruses, exposure of reindeer or caribou (wild, semi-domesticated, or captive) has been indicated for rabies virus (Canada, Svalbard, Russia), parainfluenzavirus 3 (PIV3) (Sweden), polyomavirus (Alaska), West Nile virus (USA), bluetongue virus (Germany), Schmallenberg virus (Germany), and foot-and-mouth disease virus (Russia) [ 25 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening of Eurasian Tundra Reindeer for Viral Sequences by Next-Generation Sequencing

Romano

Omazic

Leijon

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Reindeer husbandry is essential for the livelihood and culture of indigenous people in the Arctic. Parts of the herding areas are also used as pastures for farm animals, facilitating potential transmission of viruses between species. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, viruses circulating in the wild are receiving increased attention, since they might pose a potential threat to human health. Climate change will influence the prevalence of infectious diseases of both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to detect known and previously unknown viruses in Eurasian tundra reindeer. In total, 623 nasal and 477 rectal swab samples were collected from reindeer herds in Fennoscandia, Iceland, and Eastern Russia during 2016–2019. Next-generation sequencing analysis and BLAST-homology searches indicated the presence of viruses of domesticated and wild animals, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papillomavirus, alcephaline herpesvirus 1 and 2, deer mastadenovirus B, bovine rotavirus, and roe deer picobirnavirus. Several viral species previously found in reindeer and some novel species were detected, although the clinical relevance of these viruses in reindeer is largely unknown. These results indicate that it should be possible to find emerging viruses of relevance for both human and animal health using reindeer as a sentinel species.

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Husbandry and Diseases of Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer in Fennoscandia

Tryland

Nymo

Romano

et al. 2022

The Management of Enclosed and Domesticated Deer

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Viral Infections and Diseases

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Infectious Disease Outbreak Associated With Supplementary Feeding of Semi-domesticated Reindeer

Infectious Disease Outbreak Associated With Supplementary Feeding of Semi-domesticated Reindeer

Screening of Eurasian Tundra Reindeer for Viral Sequences by Next-Generation Sequencing

Husbandry and Diseases of Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer in Fennoscandia

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