Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics

Burns, Gregory D; Thompson, Alexander

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a024935

Cited by 92 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…Detailed information about the virus can be found in Burns and Thompson (2014). The Hepadnaviridae family comprises two genera: Orthohepadnaviruses that infect mammals, and Avihepadnaviruses that infect avian species (Table 1).…”

Section: The Family Hepadnavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus

Locarnini

Yuen

2016

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

113

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Members of the family Hepadnaviridae fall into two subgroups: mammalian and avian. The detection of endogenous avian hepadnavirus DNA integrated into the genomes of zebra finches has revealed a deep evolutionary origin of hepadnaviruses that was not previously recognized, dating back at least 40 million and possibly .80 million years ago. The nonprimate mammalian members of the Hepadnaviridae include the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), the ground squirrel hepatitis virus, and arctic squirrel hepatitis virus, as well as a number of members of the recently described bat hepatitis virus. The identification of hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) in higher primates, such as chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbons that cluster with the human HBV, as well as a number of recombinant forms between humans and primates, further implies a more complex origin of this virus. We discuss the current theories of the origin and evolution of HBV and propose a model that includes crossspecies transmissions and subsequent recombination events on a genetic backbone of genotype C HBV infection. The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus requiring the presence of the HBV for the completion of its life cycle. The origins of this virus remain unknown, although some recent studies have suggested an ancient African radiation. The age of the association between HDV and HBV is also unknown.

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Section: The Family Hepadnavirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus

Locarnini

Yuen

2016

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med

113

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“…Currently, the virus chronically infects approximately 240 million people (Burns & Thompson 2014, Schweitzer et al 2015. The outcome of HBV infection is determined by multiple host and virus factors, and infection can be acute, chronic, or occult (Ganem & Prince 2004, Gish et al 2015, Raimondo et al 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hepatitis B Virus Receptor

2015

Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 240 million people worldwide. A liver-specific bile acid transporter named the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) has been identified as the cellular receptor for HBV and its satellite, the hepatitis D virus (HDV). NTCP likely acts as a major determinant for the liver tropism and species specificity of HBV and HDV at the entry level. NTCP-mediated HBV entry interferes with bile acid transport in cell cultures and has been linked with alterations in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism in vivo. The human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2, complemented with NTCP, now provides a valuable platform for studying the basic biology of the viruses and developing treatments for HBV infection. This review summarizes critical findings regarding NTCP's role as a viral receptor for HBV and HDV and discusses important questions that remain unanswered.

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“…Irrespective of genotype, early stages of HBV infection are usually asymptomatic and often unrecognized [6]. The risk for chronic infection increases inversely to the age of the patient at the moment of infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk for chronic infection increases inversely to the age of the patient at the moment of infection. Chronically infected patients have 15–60% lifetime risk for liver cirrhosis, liver failure and/or hepatocellular carcinoma [6–8]. Approximately 600,000 individuals die annually from complications of the infection [9, 10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B virus strains from Rwandan blood donors are genetically similar and form one clade within subgenotype A1

et al. 2017

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BackgroundRwanda is a central African country with about 12 million inhabitants. The 1994 genocide against the Tutsi destroyed much of the infrastructure, including the health system. Although this has improved significantly, many challenges remain to be addressed. In this study, the prevalence of serological markers of past and ongoing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HBV vaccine related immunity was investigated in samples from blood donors from all regions of Rwanda.MethodsThe results from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) analyses of all (45,061) blood donations collected countrywide in 2014 from 13,637 first time and 31,424 repeat blood donors were compiled. Samples from 581 HBsAg negative blood donors were selected for further analysis for antibodies against HBV, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Additional 139 samples from HBsAg positive donors were analyzed for HBeAg/anti-HBe (132 samples) and for HBV DNA. The S-gene was amplified by PCR, products sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed.ResultsHBsAg was found in 4.1% of first time donors with somewhat higher prevalence among those from the Central and Eastern regions than from other parts of the country. Indications of past infection was found in 21% of the HBsAg negative donors, 4.3% had only anti-HBs suggesting HBV vaccination. HBeAg was detected in 28 (21%), anti-HBe in 97 (73%), and both HBeAg and anti-HBe in 4 of 132 HBsAg positive donors. HBV DNA was found in 85 samples, and the complete S-gene was sequenced in 58 of those. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that all HBV strains belonged to subgenotype A1, and formed one clade in the phylogenetic tree. In addition, 12 strains from first time donors had a unique 18 amino acid deletion in the N-terminal part of the pre-S2 region.ConclusionThis study indicated that the prevalence of hepatitis B is intermediate in Rwanda and that the vaccination coverage is relatively low in young adults. All surveyed Rwandan blood donors were infected with similar subgenotype A1 strains, and a high frequency of those with anti-HBe had detectable HBV DNA. Several strains had in addition a unique pre-S2 deletion, the virulence of which needs to be further studied.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2149-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Viral Hepatitis B: Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics

Cited by 92 publications

References 79 publications

Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus

Origins and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus

The Hepatitis B Virus Receptor

Hepatitis B virus strains from Rwandan blood donors are genetically similar and form one clade within subgenotype A1

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