Viral diseases of the central nervous system

Swanson, Phillip A.; McGavern, Dorian B.

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.009

Cited by 272 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Most neurons would be irreplaceably lost if they were killed by a viral infection or by anti-viral immune cells, potentially resulting in permanent neurological defects [225]. Thus, neurons utilize a broad array of intrinsic innate defense mechanisms to combat viral infections while maintaining cell viability [226].…”

Section: Neuro-immune Interactions During Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons in Homeostasis and Disease

Ordovás-Montañés

Rakoff-Nahoum

Huang

et al. 2015

Trends in Immunology

143

123

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The nervous system and the immune system are the principal sensory interfaces between the internal and external environment. They are responsible for recognizing, integrating, and responding to varied stimuli, and have the capacity to form memories of these encounters leading to learned or ‘adaptive’ future responses. Here, we review the current understanding of the cross-regulation between these systems. The autonomic and somatosensory nervous systems regulate both the development and deployment of immune cells, with broad functions that impact hematopoiesis as well as priming, migration and cytokine production. In turn, specific immune cell subsets contribute to homeostatic neural circuits such as those controlling metabolism, hypertension and the inflammatory reflex. We examine the contribution of the somatosensory system to autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic, and infectious processes in barrier tissues and in this context, discuss opportunities for therapeutic manipulation of neuro-immune interactions.

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Section: Neuro-immune Interactions During Infection and Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons in Homeostasis and Disease

Ordovás-Montañés

Rakoff-Nahoum

Huang

et al. 2015

Trends in Immunology

143

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Viral infections of the CNS trigger innate immune responses that can include microglia phagocytosis (Sierra et al, 2013; Swanson and McGavern, 2015; Vasek et al, 2016). In particular, adenovirus (Ad)-based expression vectors are important reagents for gene transfer in the CNS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphatidylserine Exposure Controls Viral Innate Immune Responses by Microglia

Tufail

Cook

Fourgeaud

et al. 2017

Neuron

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SUMMARY Microglia are the intrinsic immune sentinels of the central nervous system. Their activation restricts tissue injury and pathogen spread, but in some settings, including viral infection, this response can contribute to cell death and disease. Identifying mechanisms that control microglial responses is therefore an important objective. Using replication-incompetent adenovirus 5 (Ad5)-based vectors as a model, we investigated the mechanisms through which microglia recognize and respond to viral uptake. Transgenic, immunohistochemical, molecular-genetic, and fluorescence imaging approaches revealed that phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure on the outer leaflet of transduced cells triggers their engulfment by microglia through TAM receptor-dependent mechanisms. We show that inhibition of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) activity reduces intracellular calcium dysregulation, prevents PtdSer externalization, and enables months-long protection of vector-transduced, transgene-expressing cells from microglial phagocytosis. Our study identifies PLSCR1 as a potent target through which the innate immune response to viral vectors, and potentially other stimuli, may be controlled.

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“…The complexity of these diseases is influenced by the great variety of existing viruses and their variable forms of infection that affect the central nervous system 4 . Because of this, it is so important to have precision in etiologic diagnosis, especially when it comes to individuals in special age groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Parameters of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Individuals With Enterovirus Meningitis: A Descriptive Study

Alves

Wajnsztejn

Alves

et al. 2015

J. Hum. Growth Dev.

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Abstract:Introduction: Meningitis is the leading infectious syndrome that affects the central nervous system, and most cases are caused by viral infections, mainly enterovirus. The clinical diagnosis for meningitis etiology still presents major challenges. The analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, protein, and lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides the first clues to the diagnosis. However, the reference values of some parameters can suffer changes. Objective: Analyze the laboratory parameters of CSF in patients with enterovirus meningitis, and then, theirrelationship by age group. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted based on data from a CSF reference service, located in São Paulo, Brazil, on 202 individuals who had enterovirus meningitis. Data was analysed by the Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests (CI = 95%, p < 0.05) and represented by the median and percentile 25 and 75, respectively. Results: The cytological and biochemical parameters of the CSF shows us that proteins had median concentrations of 33.0mg/ dL, glucose of 57.0mg/dl, lactate of 19.0mg/dL and the leukocyte of 119.0 cells/mm 3 , with a predominance of lymphocytes (42%). It was found that age can cause cytological and biochemical changes in the parameters of CSF. Children younger than 2 years had a range percentage of neutrophils and monocytes different then children aged < 2 and < 6 years, and aged < 6 and < 10 years. The protein concentration range in CSF as well as glucose track can also change according to age. Conclusion:The parameters of the CSF in patients with enteroviral meningitis showed similar median concentrations to those found in the literature. Age may lead to changes in cytological and biochemical parameters of CSF. CSF protein and glucose concentrations also change according to age.

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Viral diseases of the central nervous system

Cited by 272 publications

References 136 publications

The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons in Homeostasis and Disease

The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons in Homeostasis and Disease

Phosphatidylserine Exposure Controls Viral Innate Immune Responses by Microglia

Laboratory Parameters of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Individuals With Enterovirus Meningitis: A Descriptive Study

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