Viral Diseases of Common Marmosets

The genetic and biological similarity between non-human primates and humans has ensured the continued use of primates in biomedical research where other species cannot be used. Health-monitoring programmes for non-human primates provide an approach to monitor and control both endemic and incoming agents that may cause zoonotic and anthroponotic disease or interfere with research outcomes. In 1999 FELASA recommendations were published which aimed to provide a harmonized approach to health monitoring programmes for non-human primates. Scientific and technological progress, understanding of non-human primates and evolving microbiology has necessitated a review and replacement of the current recommendations. These new recommendations are aimed at users and breeders of the commonly used non-human primates; Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) and Macaca fascicularis (Cynomolgus macaque). In addition, other species including Callithrix jacchus (Common marmoset) Saimiri sciureus (Squirrel monkey) and others are included. The important and challenging aspects of non-human primate health-monitoring programmes are discussed, including management protocols to maintain and improve health status, health screening strategies and procedures, health reporting and certification. In addition, information is provided on specific micro-organisms and the recommended frequency of testing.

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“…14 Measles-virus infections in marmosets can rapidly spread through a colony resulting in high morbidity and mortality. 15…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revised recommendations for health monitoring of non-human primate colonies (2018): FELASA Working Group Report

Balansard¹,

Cleverley²,

Cutler³

et al. 2019

Lab Anim

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“…Collectively, these experiments also underscored the susceptibility of C. jacchus to human HAV. In addition to hepatitis viruses, marmosets are vulnerable to infection with other human viruses [ 72 ], which make them ideal animal models to study human infectious diseases. The reason for this high susceptibility of marmosets to infection with human viruses is unknown but limited diversity of their MHC Class I and II loci was thought to play a role [ 73 , 74 ].…”

Section: Callithrix Jacchus Models Of Human LIVmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utility of Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Embryonic Stem Cells in Liver Disease Modeling, Tissue Engineering and Drug Metabolism

Aravalli

Steer

2020

Genes

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The incidence of liver disease is increasing significantly worldwide and, as a result, there is a pressing need to develop new technologies and applications for end-stage liver diseases. For many of them, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only viable therapeutic option. Stem cells that are capable of differentiating into all liver cell types and could closely mimic human liver disease are extremely valuable for disease modeling, tissue regeneration and repair, and for drug metabolism studies to develop novel therapeutic treatments. Despite the extensive research efforts, positive results from rodent models have not translated meaningfully into realistic preclinical models and therapies. The common marmoset Callithrix jacchus has emerged as a viable non-human primate model to study various human diseases because of its distinct features and close physiologic, genetic and metabolic similarities to humans. C. jacchus embryonic stem cells (cjESC) and recently generated cjESC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (cjESC-HLCs) could fill the gaps in disease modeling, liver regeneration and metabolic studies. They are extremely useful for cell therapy to regenerate and repair damaged liver tissues in vivo as they could efficiently engraft into the liver parenchyma. For in vitro studies, they would be advantageous for drug design and metabolism in developing novel drugs and cell-based therapies. Specifically, they express both phase I and II metabolic enzymes that share similar substrate specificities, inhibition and induction characteristics, and drug metabolism as their human counterparts. In addition, cjESCs and cjESC-HLCs are advantageous for investigations on emerging research areas, including blastocyst complementation to generate entire livers, and bioengineering of discarded livers to regenerate whole livers for transplantation.

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“…Given the zoonotic implications, the measles virus, a morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae family, is of particular concern in primates. 17 This virus can form intranuclear and cytoplasmic IBs in numerous tissues. 1,16,17 In marmosets, viral IBs associated with the measles virus infection have been identified in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, liver parenchyma, and pancreatic ducts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 This virus can form intranuclear and cytoplasmic IBs in numerous tissues. 1,16,17 In marmosets, viral IBs associated with the measles virus infection have been identified in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, liver parenchyma, and pancreatic ducts. 1 Non-viral IBs consisting of intermediate filaments have been described in various disease conditions in humans, including neurodegenerative diseases 23 and rhabdoid tumors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Syncytia can be observed in primates infected with measles virus, parainfluenza virus, various herpesviruses, and simian immunodeficiency virus. 1,3,16,17 Multinucleate cells can occasionally be the result of medical treatment or non-viral disease processes. Multinucleate parietal cells have been observed in the gastric mucosa of children treated with omeprazole.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the gastric epithelium of callitrichids

et al. 2021

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Inclusion bodies (IBs) and multinucleate cells can be associated with viral infections; however, IBs and multinucleate cells have been described in normal tissue and with non-viral disease processes in multiple species. We examined fundic stomach from 50 callitrichids histologically for bi- and multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic IBs in gastric epithelial cells. Callitrichids represented included 6 genera: Saguinus (4 spp.), Leontopithecus (1 sp.), Mico (3 spp.), Cebuella (1 sp.), Callithrix (1 sp.), Callimico (1 sp.), and 13 unspecified marmosets. Gastric epithelial IBs were present in 46 of 47 (98%) of the callitrichids from which the stomach was sufficiently well preserved to identify IBs. Cytoplasmic IBs were identified in gastric surface pit epithelial cells (43 of 44, 98%), mucous neck cells (43 of 44, 98%), parietal cells (43 of 44, 98%), and chief cells (43 of 44, 98%). The IBs were eosinophilic, ovoid, round, elongate, or variably indented, sometimes slightly refractile, and 1–6 × 1–13 µm. IBs were sometimes perinuclear and molded around the nucleus. Electron microscopy of the gastric epithelium of one marmoset indicated that IBs were composed of intermediate filaments. The IBs did not stain with immunohistochemical markers for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 or vimentin. Binucleate parietal cells were found in 49 of 50 (98%) callitrichids, and multinucleate parietal cells were observed in 40 of 49 (82%) callitrichids. Gastric epithelial cytoplasmic IBs and bi- and multinucleate parietal cells are likely a normal finding in callitrichids, and, to our knowledge, have not been reported previously.

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Viral Diseases of Common Marmosets

Cited by 6 publications

References 72 publications

Revised recommendations for health monitoring of non-human primate colonies (2018): FELASA Working Group Report

Revised recommendations for health monitoring of non-human primate colonies (2018): FELASA Working Group Report

Utility of Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Embryonic Stem Cells in Liver Disease Modeling, Tissue Engineering and Drug Metabolism

Multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the gastric epithelium of callitrichids

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