Viral Conjunctivitis

Muto, Toshitaka; Imaizumi, Shinichiro; Kamoi, Koju

doi:10.3390/v15030676

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Enterovirus family is one of the most common causes of viral conjunctivitis. [25] However, this particular strain A24, first observed in 1970, is known to cause highly contagious conjunctivitis and has a short incubation period of 12 hours to 3 days. [26, 27] This might be the reason behind sudden spike of cases in Nepal as this same strain has previously been reported to cause several outbreaks throughout the world, with one study revealing import of the virus from Asia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the causative pathogen in the 2023 conjunctivitis outbreak of Nepal using unbiased metagenomic next generation sequencing

Shrestha,

Katuwal,

Kharel Sitaula

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In mid-2023, Nepal experienced a significant outbreak of conjunctivitis, affecting over 60% of outpatients in eye hospitals and prompting school closures. The outbreak, peaking in August, predominantly impacted children and individuals with compromised immunity. Clinical manifestations included sudden-onset redness, foreign body sensation, watery discharge, and occasional lid swelling. A majority of cases exhibited acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, with management involving ocular lubricants, personal hygiene, and topical antibiotics. This study details the genomic epidemiology and clinical characteristics of conjunctivitis cases during the outbreak. To understand the causative agents, conjunctival swabs from patients were evaluated using unbiased metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in Illumina iSeq100 at Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital. This case series revealed the presence of Enterovirus C (coxsackievirus strain A24) as the major pathogen responsible for the outbreak. This case series contributes valuable insights into the genomic diversity of conjunctivitis-associated viruses, highlighting the potential of mNGS in enhancing diagnostic capabilities and guiding public health responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the causative pathogen in the 2023 conjunctivitis outbreak of Nepal using unbiased metagenomic next generation sequencing

Shrestha,

Katuwal,

Kharel Sitaula

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Direct contact with contaminated hands or things causes this disease. Bacterial conjunctivitis frequently causes a thick discharge from the eye, which may cause the eyelids to stick together when you wake up 6 . Viral conjunctivitis, on the other hand, is extremely contagious and is primarily caused by viruses, most frequently adenoviruses.…”

Section: Causes Of Conjunctivitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is a special type of conjunctivitis that affects newborn infants 7 . While the primary cause of the outbreak has been identified as a new strain of Adenovirus, other pathogens like HSV and VZV may also be responsible in some cases 6 .…”

Section: Causes Of Conjunctivitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the conjunctivitis crisis: understanding the spiking incidence in Karachi and Lahore-Pakistan

Ahmed,

Irfan,

Islam

2023

Annals of Medicine &Amp; Surgery

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Conjunctivitis is a contagious viral ocular disease that has increased highly in the different areas of Pakistan. Public health data confirmed 86,133 cases in September 2023 which crossed previous any other records. It is confirmed that this infection affects people of all ages, including adults and children frequently. Different clinical symptoms such as painful eyes, redness, inflammation, and augmenting tearing are observed. This infection is responsible for blindness. The transmission of ocular secretion spreads this infectious disease from an infected person to others by contact. In addition current year, less precipitation in Pakistan has impaired the air quality. Temperature, humidity, poor sanitation, polluted air, and other environmental factors are also related to the increase of the disease. This short article aims to present an overview of the rising incidence of conjunctivitis, its probable causes, signs, and symptoms, as well as potential treatments. Using saline for flushing eyes or eye drops is recommended by the Ophthalmologist. A few suggestions such as staying at home, avoiding allergens and contact lenses, washing eyes carefully, and using clean clothes need to be followed for this infection. Multiple immediate action steps are required to prevent and control including heightened public awareness.

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“…Microbial keratitis can be bacterial, fungal, or viral/protozoal[ 4 , 5 ]. Viruses are implicated in up to 4/5 th of all conjunctivitis in humans[ 6 ]. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common ocular disease-causing viral agent[ 7 - 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview

Musa,

Enaholo,

Aluyi-Osa

et al. 2024

World J Virol

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The aim of our minireview is to provide a brief overview of the diagnosis, clinical aspects, treatment options, management, and current literature available regarding herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). This type of corneal viral infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which can affect several tissues, including the cornea. One significant aspect of HSK is its potential to cause recurrent episodes of inflammation and damage to the cornea. After the initial infection, the HSV can establish a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglion, a nerve cluster near the eye. The virus may remain dormant for extended periods. Periodic reactivation of the virus can occur, leading to recurrent episodes of HSK. Factors triggering reactivation include stress, illness, immunosuppression, or trauma. Recurrent episodes can manifest in different clinical patterns, ranging from mild epithelial involvement to more severe stromal or endothelial disease. The severity and frequency of recurrences vary among individuals. Severe cases of HSK, especially those involving the stroma and leading to scarring, can result in vision impairment or even blindness in extreme cases. The cornea's clarity is crucial for good vision, and scarring can compromise this, potentially leading to visual impairment. The management of HSK involves not only treating acute episodes but also implementing long-term strategies to prevent recurrences and attempt repairs of corneal nerve endings via neurotization. Antiviral medications, such as oral Acyclovir or topical Ganciclovir, may be prescribed for prophylaxis. The immune response to the virus can contribute to corneal damage. Inflammation, caused by the body's attempt to control the infection, may inadvertently harm the corneal tissues. Clinicians should be informed about triggers and advised on measures to minimize the risk of reactivation. In summary, the recurrent nature of HSK underscores the importance of both acute and long-term management strategies to preserve corneal health and maintain optimal visual function.

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Viral Conjunctivitis

Cited by 17 publications

References 106 publications

Investigation of the causative pathogen in the 2023 conjunctivitis outbreak of Nepal using unbiased metagenomic next generation sequencing

Investigation of the causative pathogen in the 2023 conjunctivitis outbreak of Nepal using unbiased metagenomic next generation sequencing

Unraveling the conjunctivitis crisis: understanding the spiking incidence in Karachi and Lahore-Pakistan

Herpes simplex keratitis: A brief clinical overview

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