VIP-2 —High-Sensitivity Tests on the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Electrons

Piscicchia, K.; Márton, J.; Bartalucci, S.; Bertolucci, S.; Bragadireanu, M.; Cargnelli, M.; Clozza, A.; Grande, R. Del; Paolis, L. De; Fiorini, C.; Guaraldo, C.; Iliescu, M.; Laubenstein, M.; Miliucci, M.; Milotti, E.; Napolitano, F.; Pichler, A.; Scordo, A.; Shi, H.; Sirghi, D.; Sirghi, F.; Sperandio, L.; Doce, O. Vázquez; Zmeskal, J.; Curceanu, C.

doi:10.3390/e22111195

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In recent years, a more realistic diffusion random walk model has been developed [22] already employed in open and closed systems [23,24], where the electron-atom interactions in copper occur with a characteristic time τ = 3.3 × 10 −17 s, also taking into account phonons and lattices irregularities. Within this model, the PEP is tested considerably more times with respect to the simple diffusion model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle with the VIP-2 Experiment

et al. 2022

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Violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP), albeit small, could be motivated by physics beyond the Standard Model, ranging from violation of Lorentz invariance to extra space dimensions. This scenario can be experimentally constrained through dedicated, state-of-the-art X-ray spectroscopy, searching for a forbidden atomic transition from the L shell to the K shell already occupied by two electrons. The VIP-2 Experiment located at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratories of INFN (Italy) tests PEP violations by introducing new electrons via a direct current in a copper conductor, measuring the X-ray energies through a silicon drift detector. Bayesian and frequentist analyses of approximately six months of data taken with the fully operational setup is presented, setting the strongest limit to date on the PEP violation shown by the VIP collaboration. The upper bound on PEP violation are placed at 90% CL β2/2≤6.8×10−42 with the Bayesian approach, and β2/2≤7.1×10−42 with the frequentist CLs technique.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle with the VIP-2 Experiment

et al. 2022

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“…The VIP-2 experiment at the LNGS is proving world-class upper limits on the PEP violation probability in the open system scenarios [15]. Protected by about 3600 m of waterequivalent shielding of the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif, and by lead and copper walls, the experimental setup employs SDDs, housed in a vacuum chamber and placed around a copper target, where a strong direct current is circulated to provide electrons to test PEP.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel machine learning and differentiable programming techniques applied to the VIP-2 underground experiment

Napolitano,

Bazzi,

Bragadireanu

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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In this work, we present novel machine learning and differentiable programming enhanced calibration techniques used to improve the energy resolution of the Silicon Drift Detectors (SDDs) of the VIP-2 underground experiment at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory. We achieve for the first time a full width at half maximum in VIP-2 below 180 eV at 8 keV, improving around 10 eV on the previous state-of-the-art. SDDs energy resolution is a key parameter in the VIP-2 experiment, which is dedicated to searches for physics beyond the standard quantum theory, targeting Pauli exclusion principle violating atomic transitions. Additionally, we show that this method can correct for potential miscalibrations, requiring less fine-tuning with respect to standard methods.

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“…The concept of electrons scatterings is replaced with the close encounters with individual atoms, and is shown that every close encounter leads to capture with a probability that is only limited by the PEP violating probability. The mean time between close encounters in copper is found to be τ = 3.3 × 10 −17 s. The time taken by the electron to cross the entire target strip transversely is T = 15 s. It follows a new number of interactions between an electron and the copper atoms N int = T/τ, larger than the one in the scattering scheme (see also [34][35][36][37][38]. This leads to an upper limit on the probability of PEP violation for electrons in copper of:…”

Section: Novel Upper Limit On the Pep Violation Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Search for a signature of Pauli exclusion principle violation by VIP-2

Paolis¹,

Napolitano²,

Bartalucci³

et al. 2022

Phys. Scr.

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The VIP-2 experiment performs a high sensitivity test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons, and is operated in the ultra-low cosmic background environment of the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratories of INFN. The experimental technique consists in testing the symmetry state of an open, continuously supplied, system of fermions; thus representing the only spin-statistics test which strictly fulfills the Messiah-Greenberg superselection rule. In April 2019, VIP-2 started the ongoing data taking campaign in its final layout, with the goal to improve the previous VIP result of at least two orders of magnitude. Before April 2019, VIP-2 collected, in a partial configuration of the external shielding complex, two sets of data in 2018-2019 for a total duration of about 208 days. We present in this work the results of the analyses of the first two data sets collected by VIP-2, which already improve the VIP result by one order of magnitude. The results are also interpreted in the framework of a diffusion random walk model, which provides a significantly enhanced description of the electrons-atoms close encounters process, and hence a boost on the estimated limit on the Pauli Exclusion Principle violation probability.

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VIP-2 —High-Sensitivity Tests on the Pauli Exclusion Principle for Electrons

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle with the VIP-2 Experiment

Testing the Pauli Exclusion Principle with the VIP-2 Experiment

Novel machine learning and differentiable programming techniques applied to the VIP-2 underground experiment

Search for a signature of Pauli exclusion principle violation by VIP-2

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