Viologens as Charge Carriers in a Polymer-Based Battery Anode

Abstract

Viologens, either as anions in solution or as pendant substituents to pyrrole, were incorporated as dopants to electrodeposited films of polypyrrole. The resulting polymer films exhibited redox activity at -0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. The film consisting of polypyrrole with pendant viologens exhibited the best charge-discharge behavior with a maximum capacity of 55 mAh/g at a discharge current of 0.25 mA/cm(2). An anode consisting of polypyrrole (pPy) doped with viologen (V) was coupled to a cathode consisting of pPy doped with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) to yield a polymer-based battery with a cell electromotive force (emf) of 1.0 V, maximum capacity of 16 mAh/g, and energy density of 15 Wh/kg.

Electrochromic Poly(chalcogenoviologen)s as Anode Materials for High‐Performance Organic Radical Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…The introduction of heavy atoms (S,S e, and Te)i nto the viologen scaffold significantly improved the capacity and cycling stability of the ORLIBs. [7] Theexcellent redox properties and unique radical states of viologens make them exceptional electrode candidates for an ew generation of energy-storage devices,s uch as inorganic/organic Li/Na/ Mg ion batteries, [8] aqueous organic redox flow batteries, [9] organic radical batteries, [10] lithium-oxygen batteries, [11] and others. The charged/discharged state of flexible electrochromic batteries fabricated from these anodic materials could be monitored visually owingt ot he unique electrochromic and redox properties of the materials.T his study opens ap romising avenue for the development of organic polymer-based electrodes for flexible hybrid visual electronics.…”

“…[5] Owing to their synthetic versatility and the ready tunability of their redox properties, [6] the development of viologen-based energy-storage devices has increased dramatically over the past decades. [7] Theexcellent redox properties and unique radical states of viologens make them exceptional electrode candidates for an ew generation of energy-storage devices,s uch as inorganic/organic Li/Na/ Mg ion batteries, [8] aqueous organic redox flow batteries, [9] organic radical batteries, [10] lithium-oxygen batteries, [11] and others. [12] As ap romising emerging technology for energy storage, [13] ORBs have shown several advantages as compared to previously reported inorganic [14] and polymeric materials, [15] such as no need for rare metals,r eady tunability of redox properties,g reater safety,a nd design flexibility at the molecular level, but the development of such batteries has still been limited.…”

A versatile route to polythiophenes with functional pendant groups using alkyne chemistry

“…Their ester and quinone moieties are vulnerable in nucleophilic and acidic environments. Furthermore, the viologen moiety, available from 4,4’-bipyridine (BP) has potential for energy storage and electrochromic applications [35–36], but it has previously been anchored to a polymer backbone only by oxidative coupling via the nitrogen atom. As shown by our synthesis, all of these electron acceptor units were tolerant to Sonogashira coupling conditions, which produced new EDOT derivatives 9 , 10 , 11 and 12 (Scheme 4).…”

Preparation and Characterization of Bayberry-Like Polypyrrole Composites Using Functionalized Mesoporous Silica asIn SituDopant

“…The C m calculated at corresponding current density is plotted in Figure 7b. As shown in Figure 7, the C m slightly decreased with the increase in current density, which possibly owe to the limited electronic conductivity of PPy [41][42][43][44]. The maximum C m for S-2 was 237.6 F=g at a current density of 0.2 A=g, whereas the value at a current density of 1.0 A=g still obtained 84.2% of the maximum value.…”