Violent Crime and Alcohol Availability: Relationships in an Urban Community

Speer, Paul W.; Gorman, Dennis M.; Labouvie, Erich W.; Ontkush, Mark J

doi:10.2307/3343538

Cited by 111 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Several studies have shown an association between alcohol outlet density and violence (27,58,67). Scribner et al found, for example, that in a typical city in Los Angeles County, 1 alcohol outlet was associated with 3.4 additional violent assault offenses, after adjusting for many confounders including racial/ethnic makeup, age structure, and unemployment.…”

Section: Public Health the Environment And Violent Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using smaller geographical units for analyses in Newark, New Jersey, Speer et al determined that alcohol outlet density was the strongest predictor of violent crime-19% of the variability in violent crime could be explained by alcohol outlet density for census tracts and 28% for census block groups (67). In many of the studies, situational crime prevention, CPTED, broken windows, routine activity, and hot spots theories have been discussed briefly or cited (27,28,58,59,67).…”

Section: Public Health the Environment And Violent Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Violence Prevention and Control Through Environmental Modifications

Mair

2003

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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▪ Abstract Violence traditionally had been considered a problem exclusively within the criminal justice domain, although it is now widely viewed as a public health issue as well. Public health has brought new and complementary tools for understanding and preventing violence. Whereas public health has long recognized the environment as a determinant of disease and injury, it has paid less attention to the environment when considering violence prevention strategies. For several decades though, some criminologists and others have been researching environmental factors in crime prevention. This article aims to discuss the main environmental crime-prevention strategies, provide examples of promising interventions, review public health literature that uses these strategies, discuss what public health can contribute, and suggest public health research to test the hypothesis that violence can be prevented and controlled through environmental modifications.

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Section: Public Health the Environment And Violent Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Public Health the Environment And Violent Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Violence Prevention and Control Through Environmental Modifications

Mair

2003

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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“…Physical, social, and economic availability of alcohol is associated with alcohol consumption among the general population (Parker, Wolz, & Harford, 1978;Rush, Steinberg, & Brook, 1986;Abbey, Scott, Olinsky, Quinn, & Andreski, 1990;Abbey, Scott, & Smith, 1993;Gruenewald, Madden, & Janes, 1992;Gruenewald, Miller, & Treno, 1993) and among young adolescents and older teenagers (O'Malley & Wagenaar, 1991;Wagenaar, 1993;Wagenaar et al, 1996;Jones-Webb et al, 1997). High density of alcohol outlets has been found to be associated with higher rates of alcohol-related health and social problems such as homicide (Scribner, Cohen, Kaplan, & Allen, 1999), assaultive violence (Alaniz, Parker, Gallegos, & Cartmill, 1996;Alaniz, Cartmill, & Parker, 1998;Gorman, Speer, Labouvie, & Subaiya, 1998a;Scribner, MacKinnon, & Dweyer, 1995;Speer, Labouvie, & Ontkush, 1998), domestic violence (Gorman, Labouvie, Speer, & Subaiya, 1998b), traffic safety outcomes (Rabow & Watts, 1982;Jewell & Brown, 1995;Scribner et al, 1994), and mortality, morbidity and economic costs (Tatlow, Clapp, & Hohman, 2000;Mann, Smart, Anglin, & Adlaf, 1991;Rabow & Watts, 1982;Scribner, Cohen, & Farley, 1998;Gorsky, Schwartz, & Dennis, 1988;Smart, Mann, & Suurvali, 1998). Alcohol outlets and advertising appear to be over-concentrated in ethnic minority communities (Alaniz, 2000;Hackbarth, Silvestri, & Cosper, 1995;Altman, Schooler, & Basil, 1991;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondhand effects of student alcohol use reported by neighbors of colleges: the role of alcohol outlets

Wechsler¹,

Lee²,

Hall

et al. 2002

Social Science & Medicine

125

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This is a study of the secondhand effects of student alcohol use experienced by residents of neighborhoods near college campuses. We examined the relationship of a college's level of binge drinking and the number of alcohol outlets in the immediate area, to lowered quality of neighborhood life through such secondhand effects. Adults from 4661 households in the United States were interviewed through a stratified list-assisted random digit dialing telephone survey. The interview schedule included questions about residents' experiences of secondhand effects of alcohol use such as noise, vandalism or public disturbances. Reports about the quality of neighborhood life provided by respondents residing near colleges were compared with those of respondents who did not live near colleges; and reports of neighbors of colleges with high rates of binge drinking were compared with those of neighbors of colleges with lower rates. The presence of alcohol outlets in these areas was also compared. Residents near colleges and particularly near colleges with heavy episodic drinking reported the presence of more alcohol outlets within a mile. Those neighborhoods were characterized by lower socioeconomic status. Neighbors living near college campuses were more likely to report a lowered quality of neighborhood life through such secondhand effects of heavy alcohol use as noise and disturbances, vandalism, drunkenness, vomiting and urination. A path analysis indicated that the number of nearby alcohol outlets was an important factor mediating the relationship between colleges, especially those with high rates of binge drinking, and such secondhand effects. The results suggest that neighborhood disruptions around colleges due to heavy alcohol use may be reduced by limiting the presence of alcohol outlets in those areas, and the marketing practices that this engenders. r

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“…They found the risk of having a violent crime on a block rose by 17.6% with every additional bar or tavern. Speer et al 14 (1998) highlight the importance for policy making to recognize the magnitude of alcohol outlet densities' influence on violent crime. Their results showed that a reduction in violence which could be achieved by a 1% decrease in alcohol outlet density would require a 5% increase in median household income or an 8% increase in employment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of alcohol outlet density and its relation with violence

Laranjeira

Hinkly

2002

Rev. Saúde Pública

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OBJECTIVES: The current study set out to investigate alcohol availability in a densely populated, residential area of suburban São Paulo associated with high levels of social deprivation and violence. Gun-related deaths and a heavy concentration of alcohol outlets are notable features of the area surveyed. Given the strong evidence for a link between alcohol availability and a number of alcohol-related problems, including violent crime, measures designed to reduce accessibility have become a favored choice for alcohol prevention programs in recent years. METHODS: The interviewers were 24 residents of the area who were trained for the study. It was selected an area of nineteen streets, covering a total distance of 3.7 km. A profile of each alcohol outlet available on the area was recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and seven alcohol outlets were recorded. The number of other properties in the same area was counted at 1,202. Two measures of outlet density may thus be calculated: the number of outlets per kilometer of roadway (29 outlets/km); and the proportion of all properties that sold alcohol (1 in 12). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study is compared with others which are mainly from developed countries and shown that the area studied have the highest density of alcohol outlet density ever recorded in the medical literature. The implication of this data related to the violence of the region is discussed. By generating a profile of alcohol sales and selling points, it was hoped to gain a better understanding of alcohol access issues within the sample area. Future alcohol prevention policy would be well served by such knowledge.

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Violent Crime and Alcohol Availability: Relationships in an Urban Community

Cited by 111 publications

References 23 publications

Violence Prevention and Control Through Environmental Modifications

Violence Prevention and Control Through Environmental Modifications

Secondhand effects of student alcohol use reported by neighbors of colleges: the role of alcohol outlets

Evaluation of alcohol outlet density and its relation with violence

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