Violence in Urban Neighborhoods: A Longitudinal Study of Collective Efficacy and Violent Crime

Hipp, John R.; Wickes, Rebecca

doi:10.1007/s10940-016-9311-z

Cited by 69 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…A particularly robust pattern detected was that cities with the lowest average income at the beginning of the decade experienced the sharpest increases in crime over the subsequent decade. These results are consistent with a broad swath of literature demonstrating the relationship between economic disadvantage and crime at various spatial scales (Hipp and Wickes 2016;Liska, Logan, and Bellair 1998;Sampson, Raudenbush, and Earls 1997;Weisburd, Groff, and Yang 2012), and our hypothesis 3. However, we also found that the economic health of the broader context impacted crime rate changes: cities located in counties with higher unemployment rates at the beginning of the decade, or counties that experienced unemployment increases during the decade, or counties experiencing increasing vacancy rates, suffered from increasing levels of almost all types of crime.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of crime?

Hipp

Kane

2017

Journal of Criminal Justice

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This study explores whether the broader context in which a city is located impacts the change in crime levels over the subsequent decade. This study uses a wide range of cities (those with a population of at least 10,000), over a long period of time (from 1970 to 2010). We test and find that although cities with larger population and those surrounded by a county with a larger population typically experience larger increases in crime over the subsequent decade, cities experiencing an increase in population during the current decade experience crime decreases.The study finds that cities with higher average income experience greater subsequent crime decreases, and those surrounded by counties with larger unemployment increases experience crime increases. Higher levels of income inequality and racial/ethnic heterogeneity are associated with increasing crime rates, and increasing inequality and racial/ethnic heterogeneity in the surrounding county are associated with further increases. Furthermore, this relationship has strengthened since 1970, suggesting that both scales of inequality are even more important from a public safety perspective. Finally, we tested the time invariance of these relationships, and showed that the magnitude of the relationship between city-level inequality and increasing crime has increased over the study period.Keywords: cities, crime, longitudinal, inequality, racial/ethnic heterogeneity. Changing crime levels in cities BioJohn R. Hipp is a Professor in the departments of Criminology, Law and Society, and Sociology, at the University of California Irvine. His research interests focus on how neighborhoods change over time, how that change both affects and is affected by neighborhood crime, and the role networks and institutions play in that change. He approaches these questions using quantitative methods as well as social network analysis. He has published substantive work in such journals as an outcome measure -in the form of changes to the built environment, shifting patterns of employment, or the socioeconomic composition of places -and links these to drivers of change including policy, structural economic shifts, or preferences for how we use and travel across urban space. An important characteristic of existing macro-level studies is that they have almost never focused on how the broader metropolitan context in which cities are located might impact changes in crime. That is to say, the focus is often placed either on variation in crime across counties or MSAs, or variation in crime across a set of large cities -in both cases omitting the simultaneous relationship between a city's crime rate and the characteristics of both the city and the region in which it is situated. This suggests a needed area of research given that the larger context of a region, and how it is changing, likely has consequences for the level of crime in cities within that region.In raising the question of the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and crime rates of cities, and how the larg...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of crime?

Hipp

Kane

2017

Journal of Criminal Justice

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“…This may be due to the complicated relationship between neighborhood collective efficacy and other variables as acknowledged by recent research. For example, in a longitudinal study of the relationship between collective efficacy and neighborhood violence, Hipp and Wicks () did not find a direct relationship between the two variables, which is inconsistent with previous, cross‐sectional studies. Future research should explore variables that could potentially mediate the relationship between collective efficacy and collective action.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Recent research suggests that community members update their perceived neighborhood collective efficacy based on feedback and experiences within the community (Hipp, 2016). While longitudinal studies of collective efficacy are still limited, findings to date support the concept that perceived collective efficacy and overall neighborhood perceptions change over time (Hipp, 2016;Hipp & Wickes, 2018;Hipp & Wickes, 2016). Future research should apply longitudinal data to further analyze the potential mediating role of civic engagement in the relationship between collective efficacy and collective action.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Neighborhood collective efficacy and collective action: The role of civic engagement

Carbone

McMillin

2018

Journal Community Psychology

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Theory suggests that by strengthening collective efficacy among neighbors, neighborhoods can more effectively engage in collective action. The research linking the two components of collective efficacy-social cohesion and social control-with collective action is limited. This study uses structural equation modeling with a nationally representative sample from the United States Census Bureau's American Housing Survey (N = 22,106) to analyze these relationships. This analysis finds that neither component of collective efficacy is directly associated with collective action. Instead, social cohesion is negatively, directly associated with civic engagement, social control is positively directly associated with civic engagement, and civic engagement is positively associated with collective action. Social cohesion and social control are indirectly associated with collective action when including civic engagement. Understanding the associations between collective efficacy, civic engagement, and collective action is informative for understanding effective and efficient community participation to facilitate change.

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“…Neighborly interactions are influenced by structural characteristics that facilitate and impede opportunities for neighboring as well as by neighborhood social norms (Sampson, 2002). Consistent with research on antisocial behavior, neighborliness is higher in neighborhoods with less crime, less disadvantage, and higher levels of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic homogeneity (Aiyer, Williams, Tolan, & Wilson, 2013;Brenner, Zimmerman, Bauermeister, & Caldwell, 2013;Hipp & Wickes, 2017;Tolan, Gorman-Smith, & Henry, 2003). Thus, neighborhood contexts shape social behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

Developmental transitions during adulthood and neighborliness: A multilevel cluster analysis

Aiyer

Zahnow

Mazerolle

2019

Journal Community Psychology

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Neighborliness plays a critical role in promoting social integration, and is known to positively influence health and psychosocial adjustment. We examined variation in neighborliness based on developmental transitions as well as on the neighborhood context. We examined the direct and moderating role of neighborhood factors, to determine whether the neighborhood context modified the influence of developmental transitions on neighborliness. We analyzed data from a longitudinal study of Australian communities, in addition to census data. First, we analyzed developmental transition clusters. Next, we employed multilevel modeling to assess the impact of clusters and other key factors on neighborliness. We tested interactions to determine whether the influence of cluster membership on neighborliness was modified by the neighborhood. We found evidence for direct effects of cluster membership and structural factors on neighborliness. In addition, the neighborhood context modified the influence of cluster membership on neighborliness. Our findings underscore the importance of promoting neighborhood social engagement throughout the life course.

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Violence in Urban Neighborhoods: A Longitudinal Study of Collective Efficacy and Violent Crime

Cited by 69 publications

References 62 publications

Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of crime?

Cities and the larger context: What explains changing levels of crime?

Neighborhood collective efficacy and collective action: The role of civic engagement

Developmental transitions during adulthood and neighborliness: A multilevel cluster analysis

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