Violence As a Direct Cause of and Indirect Contributor to Maternal Death

Wallace, Maeve; Friar, Norah; Herwehe, Jane; Theall, Katherine P.

doi:10.1089/jwh.2019.8072

Cited by 21 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Universal implementation of the 2003 revision to the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death has enabled this national analysis of violent death occurring during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The magnitude of pregnancy-associated homicide in the United States—3.62 deaths per 100,000 live births—is higher than previous estimates based on subnational groups of states: 1.7 in Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data (1991–1999), 11 2.9 among 16 states participating in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2007, 12 2.9 among 17 states in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2011 to 2015, 13 and 2.2 among the 37 states with pregnancy checkbox data on death records from 2005 to 2010. 21 Greater variation exists across estimates from single states, which have generally been higher, including 9.3 in Maryland (1993–2008), 8 5.0 in Illinois (2002–2011), 10 6.2 in North Carolina (2005–2011), 22 and 12.9 in Louisiana (2016–2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Data are n (%) unless otherwise specified.homicide among non-Hispanic Black females but not among other racial and ethnic groups.DISCUSSIONUniversal implementation of the 2003 revision to the U.S. Standard Certificate of Death has enabled this national analysis of violent death occurring during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The magnitude of pregnancy-associated homicide in the United States -3.62 deaths per 100,000 live births-is higher than previous estimates based on subnational groups of states: 1.7 in Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System data (1991-1999),11 2.9 among 16 states participating in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2003 to 2007, 12 2.9 among 17 states in the National Violent Death Reporting System from 2011 to 2015,13 and 2.2 among the 37 states with pregnancy checkbox data on death records from 2005 to 2010.…”

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confidence: 62%

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Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019

Wallace

Gillispie-Bell

Cruz

et al. 2021

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the national pregnancy-associated homicide mortality ratio, characterize pregnancy-associated homicide victims, and compare the risk of homicide in the perinatal period (pregnancy and up to 1 year postpartum) with risk among nonpregnant, nonpostpartum females aged 10–44 years. METHODS: Data from the National Center for Health Statistics 2018 and 2019 mortality files were used to identify all female decedents aged 10–44 in the United States. These data were used to estimate 2-year pregnancy-associated homicide mortality ratios (deaths/100,000 live births) for comparison with homicide mortality among nonpregnant, nonpostpartum females (deaths/100,000 population) and to mortality ratios for direct maternal causes of death. We compared characteristics and estimated homicide mortality rate ratios and 95% CIs between pregnant or postpartum and nonpregnant, nonpostpartum victims for the total population and with stratification by race and ethnicity and age. RESULTS: There were 3.62 homicides per 100,000 live births among females who were pregnant or within 1 year postpartum, 16% higher than homicide prevalence among nonpregnant and nonpostpartum females of reproductive age (3.12 deaths/100,000 population, P<.05). Homicide during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of pregnancy exceeded all the leading causes of maternal mortality by more than twofold. Pregnancy was associated with a significantly elevated homicide risk in the Black population and among girls and younger women (age 10–24 years) across racial and ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSION: Homicide is a leading cause of death during pregnancy and the postpartum period in the United States. Pregnancy and the postpartum period are times of elevated risk for homicide among all females of reproductive age.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 62%

Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019

Wallace

Gillispie-Bell

Cruz

et al. 2021

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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“…20 In this study, we found that firearms were involved in 35% and 68% of pregnancy-associated suicide and homicide deaths, respectively, which is similar to published reports. 27 A growing area of research is the contribution of firearms to pregnancy-associated mortality. Firearm-related morbidity and mortality is a major public health crisis, with increasing calls for health care professional involvement in intervention and advocacy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy-Associated Homicide and Suicide

Modest

Prater

Joseph

2022

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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“…By comparison, our previous work used hypothesis-driven modeling, and found associations between maternal mortality and income inequality [47], levels of violent crime [48], and access to maternity care [49]. These more standard analyses concentrated on specific factors of interest with control for covariates, a model that better supports causal inference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The public health exposome and pregnancy-related mortality in the United States: a high-dimensional computational analysis

Harville

Grady

et al. 2022

BMC Public Health

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Background Racial inequities in maternal mortality in the U.S. continue to be stark. Methods The 2015–2018, 4-year total population, county-level, pregnancy-related mortality ratio (PRM; deaths per 100,000 live births; National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), restricted use mortality file) was linked with the Public Health Exposome (PHE). Using data reduction techniques, 1591 variables were extracted from over 62,000 variables for use in this analysis, providing information on the relationships between PRM and the social, health and health care, natural, and built environments. Graph theoretical algorithms and Bayesian analysis were applied to PHE/PRM linked data to identify latent networks. Results PHE variables most strongly correlated with total population PRM were years of potential life lost and overall life expectancy. Population-level indicators of PRM were overall poverty, smoking, lack of exercise, heat, and lack of adequate access to food. Conclusions In this high-dimensional analysis, overall life expectancy, poverty indicators, and health behaviors were found to be the strongest predictors of pregnancy-related mortality. This provides strong evidence that maternal death is part of a broader constellation of both similar and unique health behaviors, social determinants and environmental exposures as other causes of death.

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Violence As a Direct Cause of and Indirect Contributor to Maternal Death

Cited by 21 publications

References 40 publications

Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019

Homicide During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019

Pregnancy-Associated Homicide and Suicide

The public health exposome and pregnancy-related mortality in the United States: a high-dimensional computational analysis

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