Violence against children and education

Devries, Karen

doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihv076

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These crypto-anarchist objectives are materialized primarily through recent developments in cryptography, privacy-focused distributed networks, and decentralized peer-to-peer currencies (Chohan, 2017), where their appeal is as an alternative to traditional financial system in that they embody increased freedom to trade (DeVries, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Wealth Inequality in Cryptocurrencies

2021

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Cryptocurrencies often tend to maintain a publically accessible ledger of all transactions. This open nature of the transactional ledger allows us to gain macroeconomic insight into the USD 1 Trillion crypto economy. In this paper, we explore the free market-based economy of eight major cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Dash, Litecoin, ZCash, Dogecoin, and Ethereum Classic. We specifically focus on the aspect of wealth distribution within these cryptocurrencies as understanding wealth concentration allows us to highlight potential information security implications associated with wealth concentration. We also draw a parallel between the crypto economies and real-world economies. To adequately address these two points, we devise a generic econometric analysis schema for cryptocurrencies. Through this schema, we report on two primary econometric measures: Gini value and Nakamoto Index which report on wealth inequality and 51% wealth concentration respectively. Our analysis reports that, despite the heavy emphasis on decentralization in cryptocurrencies, the wealth distribution remains in-line with the real-world economies, with the exception of Dash. We also report that 3 of the observed cryptocurrencies (Dogecoin, ZCash, and Ethereum Classic) violate the honest majority assumption with less than 100 participants controlling over 51% wealth in the ecosystem, potentially indicating a security threat. This suggests that the free-market fundamentalism doctrine may be inadequate in countering wealth inequality within a crypto-economic context: Algorithmically driven free-market implementation of these cryptocurrencies may eventually lead to wealth inequality similar to those observed in real-world economies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Wealth Inequality in Cryptocurrencies

2021

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“…Available national data indicate that over 40% of children in East Africa experience some form of life-time physical violence during childhood [6][7][8] . Perpetration of physical violence by school staff -including teachers, caretakers and administrative staff -may account for a large proportion of the total burden of childhood physical violence exposures, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa 9 . A study conducted in Luwero District, central Uganda, indicates that more than 90% of primary school students have ever experienced physical violence (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the good school toolkit on school staff mental health, sense of job satisfaction and perceptions of school climate: Secondary analysis of a cluster randomised trial

Kayiwa

Clarke²,

Knight

et al. 2017

Preventive Medicine

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The Good School Toolkit, a complex behavioural intervention delivered in Ugandan primary schools, has been shown to reduce school staff-perpetrated physical violence against students. We aimed to assess the effect of this intervention on staff members' mental health, sense of job satisfaction and perception of school climate. We analysed data from a cluster-randomised trial administered in 42 primary schools in Luwero district, Uganda. The trial was comprised of cross-sectional baseline (June/July 2012) and endline (June/July 2014) surveys among staff and students. Twenty-one schools were randomly selected to receive the Toolkit, whilst 21 schools constituted a wait-listed control group. We generated composite measures to assess staff members' perceptions of the school climate and job satisfaction. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01678846). No schools dropped out of the study and all 591 staff members who completed the endline survey were included in the analysis. Staff in schools receiving the Toolkit had more positive perspectives of their school climate compared to staff in control schools (difference in mean scores 2.19, 95% Confidence Interval 0.92, 3.39). We did not find any significant differences for job satisfaction and mental health. In conclusion, interventions like the Good School Toolkit that reduce physical violence by school staff against students can improve staff perceptions of the school climate, and could help to build more positive working and learning environments in Ugandan schools.

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