Vinyl lactam-based copolymers and terpolymers as high cloud point kinetic hydrate inhibitors in methane-THF-water system

Mohsenzade, Hanie; Foroutan, Shima; Dashti, Ali; Ramezanian, Navid; Roosta, Hadi

doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113068

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…They all gave similar KHI performance results at the 95% confidence level with average T o values ranging from 12.3 to 13.1 °C. End-capping KHI polymers with –COOH groups has been shown to improve KHI performance, but in this case, there seems to be no effect and it could be possibly detrimental. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

6-Ring Piperidine-Based Polymers with Both Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

Kelland,

Pomicpic,

Akiyama

2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) are a chemical method of preventing gas hydrate plugging of oil and gas production flow lines. The main ingredient in a KHI formulation giving a high performance is one or more water-soluble amphiphilic polymers. Many of these polymers exhibit a cloud point or lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water, which can cause fouling problems if the polymer solution is above this temperature. A few polymers exhibit an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) such that the polymer is soluble only above this temperature. This could be advantageous for use as a KHI to avoid fouling issues at high temperatures, but only if the UCST was below the minimum temperature encountered by the hydrate-forming fluids. Here, we report the first study of a KHI polymer with a UCST in aqueous solution, poly(N-acryloyl-nipecotamide) (PNANAm). It gave a good KHI performance at 2500 ppm when screened using the slow constant cooling (1.0 °C/h) test method in high-pressure rocking cells with a synthetic natural gas blend, lowering the average hydrate onset temperature by 5.3 °C relative to tests with no additive. The related polymers poly(N-acryloylpiperidine) (PAPip) and poly(N-acryloyl-N,N-diethylnipecotamide) (PNADNAm) lowered the hydrate onset temperature by about 1 °C more, probably due to the increased hydrophobicity of the amphiphilic side groups.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

6-Ring Piperidine-Based Polymers with Both Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

Kelland,

Pomicpic,

Akiyama

2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…Solvents are removed afterward under reduced pressure by a vacuum rotary evaporator to leave the precipitate. ,,,− The precipitate is washed with anhydrous ethyl ether, , ethyl acetate, , n -hexane, and diethyl ether to remove the residual initiator and residual monomer. The precipitate is finally dried in a vacuum oven − to yield the solid product, which is the polymer.…”

Section: Khis Based On Cyclic Amidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors Based on Cyclic Amides and Effect of Various Synergists

Singh

Suri

2021

Energy Fuels

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This Review presents a comprehensive literature review of an important class of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) that is based on cyclic amides (lactams). The major aspects of the KHIs, such as their synthesis, inhibition mechanism, toxicity, biodegradability, performance, and cloud point, are thoroughly discussed. Data for 70 KHIs made of homo/co/terpolymers from 330 experiments are collected and evaluated for performance. The effects of the inhibitor concentration, molecular weight, monomer ratio of the co/terpolymers, and 35 different synergist chemicals on various KHIs are also studied. In conclusion, the top 10 KHIs with the highest performances that had a cloud point above 70 °C are presented. The copolymer (1:1) N-vinylpyrrolidone/N-vinyl-caprolactam (VP/VCap) is found to have the highest induction time (IT) of 13 to 14 h at 0.25 wt % and at a cooling rate of 1 °C/h. Some KHIs like Inhibex BIO-800 and poly(N-vinyl azacyclooctanone) (PVACO) also have a very high ITs (17 and 13.5 h, respectively) at 0.25 wt % and at a cooling rate of 1 °C/h, but they have low cloud points (<25 °C). Guanidinium salts (n-Bu6GuanCl/n-Bu6GuanBr) and a phosphonium salt, (n-Pe)4PBr, are found to be the best synergists for the cyclic-amide-based KHIs. When used at 0.15 to 0.30 wt % along with the KHIs, they further increase the IT by 3–5 h.

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Gas hydrate control

Fink¹

2021

Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids

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Vinyl lactam-based copolymers and terpolymers as high cloud point kinetic hydrate inhibitors in methane-THF-water system

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

6-Ring Piperidine-Based Polymers with Both Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

6-Ring Piperidine-Based Polymers with Both Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures as Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors

Review of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors Based on Cyclic Amides and Effect of Various Synergists

Gas hydrate control

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