Vinyl Chloride Polymers

Abstract

PVC has a large sales volume, second only to polyethylene. Its high chlorine content provides it with a high level of combustion resistance for building products, electrical enclosures, and wire and cable insulation. PVC has a unique ability to be compounded with a wide variety of additives, making it possible to produce materials in a range from flexible elastomers (the first thermoplastic elastomers) to rigid compounds, materials that are weatherable such as for siding and windows, compounds that have stiff melts and little elastic recovery for outstanding dimensional control useful in profile extrusion, or low viscosity melts which compete effectively with ABS and PC/ABS in thin‐walled injection molding parts such as computer monitor housings. Some PVC properties are attributed to unique morphology. The polymer precipitates from its monomer and grows into primary particles, which are later the melt flow units. Fusion into larger structures and product strength are controlled by breakdown of the grains into primary particles, by choice of additives, by amount of melting (temperature), and by number of tie molecules (molecular weight). The main type of polymerization is the suspension process, with significant polymerization made by the mass, solution, microsuspension, and emulsion processes. In the suspension process, the polymerization takes place in droplets of monomer suspended in water. From an environmental viewpoint, PVC is over 50% chlorine and as a result, is one of the most energy‐efficient polymers. PVC is an inherent flame retardant, and acts as a marker, enabling automated equipment to sort PVC containers from other plastics in the waste stream. Vinyl is recycled by at least 170 recyclers in the United States and Canada and more than 3,500 communities accept vinyl products in their recycling programs. The analysis from 155 large‐scale, commercial incinerator facilities found no relationship between the chlorine content of waste nor the addition of PVC, and dioxin emissions from combustion processes. New requirements from the U.S. EPA make scrubbers mandatory on all incinerators and are necessary whether or not PVC is present in the waste feed.

Chlorine in waste-derived solid recovered fuel (SRF), co-combusted in cement kilns: A systematic review of sources, reactions, fate and implications

“…By adopting better practices SRF producers could lower the average Cl concentration and control its variability around the mean, enabling higher substitution rates and widespread application. (Kurtz, 1975) Chloroethene VCM C2H3Cl PVC production (Summers, 2000) Polyvinyl chloride PVC C2H3Cl (Marsh andBugusu, 2007, Twitchett, 1974) Inorganic Sodium hypochlorite NaClO Most common chloride bleach (Zoller, 2008) Sodium chloride NaCl Table salt ( Guo, Yang, Li, et al, 2001 (Guo, Yang, Li, et al, 2001) 3 1,2,3,4,5 refer to Plastics, Paper/cardboard, Wood, Textiles and Rubber-leather, respectively; a n. whereas fines can be removed from the system if bypass system installed (8).…”

How well can renewable resources mimic commodity monomers and polymers?

“…115 For comparison, the market for purified terephthalic acid was similar to styrene production ($1.9 billion in 2001), 115 but less than vinyl chloride ($19 billion in 2002). 13 In 2011, PepsiCo announced plans to make a completely renewable PET bottle. Coca-cola is also promoting a plant-based bottle with renewable components.…”

“…In this regard, synthesis strategies for ethylene, propylene, a-olefins, methylmethacrylate, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, isoprene, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and terephthalic acid are discussed as well as opportunities for other renewable-based monomers. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 50: [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] 2012 …”

Effect of Surface Treatment on the Adhesion Forces between PVC Adhesives and PVC (Pipe - Fitting)

“…and PVC (Pipe -Fitting) 2989 radiation. Once this initiation step has taken place, a chlorine atom attacks a PVC chain at a random location and replaces a hydrogen atom at the attack position [7].…”

“…and PVC (Pipe -Fitting) 2992 The Figure (6,7,8) show results of pipe adhesion testing for (PVC pipe -PVC fitting) with (USA PVC adhesive , Commercial PVC adhesive and USA CPVC adhesive) with surface treatment (surface roughness with abrasive paper and chemical treatment with alcohol) , under environmental condition (At room temp. ,-2.5 o C , tap Water , 3.5 % NaOH ,3.5 % NaCl) .…”