Vine Waste Valorisation: Integrated Approach for the Prospection of Bioactive Lipophilic Phytochemicals

Abstract

Substantial amounts of vine wastes are produced during vineyard management, and the chemical profiling of high-value lipophilic phytochemicals is becoming crucial in order to find a complementary route towards their integrated valorisation. The prospection of bioactive phytochemicals from unripe grape, vine shoot, vine cane, stalk and leaf dichloromethane extracts was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), analysing samples from a mixture of four red Vitis vinifera L. varieties (Baga, Aragonez, Água Santa and Shiraz), collected at Bairrada Appellation, as a representative case study of typical multi-variety Portuguese vineyards. Vine wastes showed distinct amounts of lipophilic extract, ranging from 0.68% (vine canes) to 13.35% (vine leaves) at dry weight (dw). Thirty-three components were identified, including fatty acids and alcohols, sterols and triterpenoids accounting for amounts from 118.9 mg/100 g dw to 1512.0 mg/100 g dw. The integrated study revealed that unripe grape, stalk and leaf dichloromethane extracts stood out as possible sources of triterpenic compounds (103.2 to 653.5 mg/100 g dw), with lupeol, ursolic and oleanolic acids prevailing. Leaf extract is also reported as an undervalued source of α-tocopherol, as the major component detected in this matrix (300.5 mg/100 g dw). These exploratory results are a relevant contribution for the exploitation of undervalued vine residues as a source of health-promoting components with the potential to be used as supplements or nutraceutical ingredients.

Anti-obesity efficacy of lipoidal matter of Vitis venifera leaves in rats

“…The saturated fatty acids are the main constituents of VLPE account 82.07% of total identified fatty acids. In agreement with study of Salvador et al [39], palmitic acid (64.14%) represented as predominant fatty acid as well as other saturated fatty acids behenic (C22:0), tricosanoic (C23:0), lignoceric (C24:0) and cerotic acid (C26:0) were detected in traces in VLPE were previously identified in Vitis vinifera leaves.…”

“…The mass spectra, physical and NMR spectral data concur with those reported by Mori et al [47]. Long-chain aliphatic alcohols, 1-triacontanol as well as hexacosanol and octacosanol were detected previously in Vitis vinifera leaves as the major components [39]. Concerning to palmitic acid, part of the dried petroleum ether extract was shaked with methanol, filtered, the filtrate was concentrated, shaked with ethylacetate and then water was added till slightly turbid, a white precipitate was obtained from the alcohol soluble fraction which was separated by filtration.…”

Unripe grapes: an overview of the composition, traditional and innovative applications, and extraction methods of a promising waste of viticulture

“…Long-chain aliphatic alcohols, mainly octacosanol (32.5 mg/100 g DM) and hexacosanol (42.3 mg/100 g DM), were components of UGs. Stigmasterol (7.0 mg/100 g DM), β-sitosterol (21.1 mg/100 g DM) and stigmastanol (11.9 mg/100 g DM) were the sterols identified in unripe berries that were also a source of ursolic acid (653.5 mg/100 g DM), a triterpenic compound connected with a range of biological activities (Salvador et al 2019) 2020) evaluated the total alkaloid content (5.7% DM) in a green grape juice. These compounds are deemed to be protective against the risk of cancer and are largely present in cruciferous vegetables (Rochfort and Panozzo 2007).…”

Smart Agricultural Waste Management in Traditional Mediterranean Crops

“…Vine management often implies the pruning of branches and shoots, cutting back leaves, and thinning of bunches, mostly to meet the requirements of the wine industry in order to obtain better-quality wines. The waste generated includes grape stalks, green grapes, vine shoots, vine branches, and leaves (Salvador et al 2019). After the grapes have been processed in the wineries, the principal organic residues produced include grape pomace (62%), lees (14%), stalks (12%), and dehydrated sludge (12%) (Fernández et al 2008).…”