Vine and citrus mealybug pest control based on synthetic chemicals. A review

The vine mealybug (VMB), Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is a key insect pest of vineyards, and improvements in sustainable control of this pest are needed to meet increasing consumer demand for organically farmed products. One promising option is mating disruption. In a series of experiments conducted from 2004 to 2007, we tested the effects of mating disruption on trap captures of Pl. ficus males in pheromone-baited traps, on Pl. ficus numbers and age structure on vines, and on damage to grape clusters. From 2004 to 2005, the effects of dispenser load (mg active ingredient per dispenser) were also assessed, and dispensers were compared to a flowable formulation. Across all trials, mating disruption consistently reduced pheromone trap captures and often reduced mealybug numbers on vines and/or crop damage, regardless of the pheromone dose that was applied. Reductions in Pl. ficus densities in mating disruption plots were not accompanied by clear effects on mealybug population age structure; however, production of non-viable ovisacs by unmated females may have obscured differences in proportional representation of ovisacs. Pheromone trap captures were never lowered to zero (often called trap shut down), possibly because trials were conducted in vineyards with unusually high Pl. ficus densities. Trap-capture patterns in both treated and control plots commonly began low in April–May, increased in mid-July or August, and often decreased in September–October when post-harvest insecticides were applied. During the four-year trial, the release rate from plastic sachet dispensers was improved by industry cooperators as pheromone was released too quickly (2004) or not completely released during the season (2005–2006). The flowable formulation performed slightly better than dispensers at the same application dose. Results over all years suggest season-long coverage or late-season coverage may be as or more important than dose per hectare. Development of a dispenser with optimized season-long pheromone emission or targeted seasonal periods should be a future goal.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Mating Disruption Program for a Mealybug, Planococcus ficus, in Vineyards

Daane

Yokota

Walton

et al. 2020

“…Planococcus ficus is a serious insect pest of grapes with no management tools that provide complete control [14,20,23,[49][50][51][52]. We evaluated 10 grape cultivars, rootstocks, and species for their relative resistance to P. ficus population growth in field-based cage studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Planococcus ficus (Signoret) is one of the most important vineyard mealybugs that has a global distribution [14], is a known vector of GLRaVs [15][16][17][18], and has become the primary pest in California vineyards [19]. Integrated pest management (IPM) systems are integral for mealybug management primarily in the table and wine grape markets, and include cultural practices, such as cluster thinning and bark stripping; however, most farmers still rely on chemical controls to minimize exposure of the clusters to mealybugs [19,20]. More sustainable tools for P. ficus control include mating disruption, which is currently being used or tested worldwide as an alternative or complement to insecticide sprays [21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Vitis Cultivars, Rootstocks, and Species Expressing Resistance to a Planococcus Mealybug

Naegele

Cousins

Daane

2020

Mealybugs cause economic loss to vineyards through physical damage, fouling fruit and leaves with honeydew, and the transmission of viruses. Planococcus ficus is one of several mealybug species in vineyards, and one that causes economic damage over a relatively large global range. To develop novel management tools, host resistance to P. ficus, which has not previously been identified for any grape cultivars, was studied. Ten grape lines (species, cultivars, and rootstocks) were evaluated for P. ficus resistance across two separate potted plant assays. Significant differences were detected among cultivars and rootstocks in the recorded number of P. ficus juveniles, adults, and egg sacs. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay were two of the most favorable grape cultivars for mealybug population growth, whereas rootstocks IAC 572, 10-17A, and RS-3 all demonstrated some level of resistance. Southern fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni) was positively associated with mealybug populations, but did not have a negative effect on the observed presence of other arthropod species including potential predators.

“…Another potential control system of this pest could be MD. Indeed, the latter has been found effective for the management of the vine mealybug, P. ficus [16,20,21,22,36,37]. Earlier tests revealed that habituation to the sex pheromone did not occur in P. calceolariae [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to boost grape production under an environmentally-safe agricultural system, it is necessary to find alternative solutions to effectively manage crop pests while reducing insecticide overuse [12,13,14]. Hence, it is critical to develop more sustainable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems [15,16]. An alternative is presented in synthetic sex pheromones, which disrupt the chemical communication between male and female of a given insect species, thereby preventing mate location and mating [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Mating in the Citrophilous Mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae: Implications for Mating Disruption

Ricciardi

Lucchi

Benelli

et al. 2019

The citrophilous mealybug Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) is a primary pest of various crops, including grapevines. The use of insecticides against this species is difficult in most cases because its life cycle includes an extended duration of eggs, juveniles, and adults under the bark and on the roots. Pheromone-based control strategies can present new eco-friendly opportunities to manage this species, as in the case of Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri (Risso). With this aim it is critical to understand behavioral aspects that may influence pheromone-based control strategies. Herein, the capability of males to fertilize multiple females was investigated, trying to understand whether this behavior could negatively impact the efficacy of mass trapping, mating disruption, or the lure and kill technique. Results showed that a P. calceolariae male can successfully mate and fertilize up to 13 females. The copulation time in subsequent mating events and the time between copulations did not change over time but the number of matings per day significantly decreased. In a further experiment, we investigated the mate location strategy of P. calceolariae males, testing the attractiveness of different loadings of sex pheromone on males in a flight tunnel. Males constantly exposed to 16 rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone showed a significant decrease in female detection at 1 and 30 μg loadings (0.18 and 0.74 visits per female for each visit per septum, respectively), whereas in the control about 9.2-fold more of the released males successfully detected the female in the center of the array of 16 septa without pheromone. Male location of females in the control (45%) was significantly higher than in the arrays with surrounding pheromone (5% and 20% at 1 and 30 μg loadings, respectively). Mating only occurred in the control arrays (45%). This study represents a useful first step to developing pheromone-based strategies for the control of citrophilous mealybugs.